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AP Environmental Science > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

Environmental Science

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mod 1: Define: A fuel derived from biological material that became fossilized millions of years ago.

A

Fossil Fuel

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2
Q

Mod 1: Define: a method of oil and gas extraction that uses high-pressure fluids to force open rock deep underground.

A

Fracking (Hydraulic Fracturing)

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3
Q

Mod 1: The sum of all the conditions surrounding us that influence life.

A

Environment

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4
Q

Mod 1: Define: Living

A

Biotic

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5
Q

Mod 1: Define: nonliving

A

Abiotic

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6
Q

Mod 1: Define: A social movement that seeks to protect the environment through lobbying, activism, and education.

A

Environmentalism

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7
Q

Mod 1: Define: The field of study that includes environmental science and additional subjects, such as environmental policy, economic, literature, and ethics.

A

Environmental Studies

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8
Q

Mod 1: Which is an abiotic component?
a) an eagle
b) a rock
c) a tree
d) a human

A

b) a rock

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9
Q

Mod 1: Impacts of fracking include
I. contamination of ground water
II. increased use of coal
III. Lower natural gas prices
a) I only
b) I and II
c) II and III
d) I and III

A

d) I and III

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10
Q

Mod 1: Which is not true about ecosystems?
a) they include biotic components
b) They can be a wide range of sizes
c) They include no human components
d) many interactions among species occur in them

A

C) They include no human components

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11
Q

Mod 1: Each of the following is an example of how humans have negatively affected the environment EXCEPT
a) hunting large mammals
b) conversion of arid land to agricultural use
c) the use of fire to create the great plains
d) slash and burn forest clearing

A

c) the use of fire to create the great plains

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12
Q

Mod 1: Define: a particular location on Earth with interacting components that include abiotic and biotic

A

Ecosystem

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13
Q

Mod 1: The way humans alter and continue to alter our environment.

A
  • pollution
  • contributing to extinction of wildlife
  • help in creating new ecosystems
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14
Q

Mod 3: an objective method to explore the natural world, draw inferences from it, predict the outcome of certain events, process changes

A

Scientific Method

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15
Q

Mod 3: a testable conjuncture about how something works.

A

Hypothesis

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16
Q

Mod 3: any categories, conditions, factors, or traits that differ in the natural world or experimental situations

A

Variables

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17
Q

Mod 3: a prediction that there is no difference between the groups or conditions that are being compared.

A

Null hypothesis

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18
Q

Mod 3: The data collection procedure of taking repeated measurements

A

Replication

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19
Q

Mod 3: The number of times a measurement is replicated in collection

A

Sample Size (n)

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20
Q

Mod 3: How close a measured value is to the actual value or true value

A

Accuracy

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21
Q

Mod 3: How close the repeated measurements of a sample are to one another

A

Precision

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22
Q

Mod 3: an estimate of how much a measured or calculated value differs from a true value.

A

uncertainty

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23
Q

Mod 3: a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and confirmed by researchers and groups and has had wide acceptance

A

Theory

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24
Q

Mod 3: a groups that experiences the same conditions except for the single variable under study.

A

Control Group

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25
Q

Mod 3: a natural event that acts as an experimental treatment in an ecosystem.

A

Natural Experiment

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26
Q

Mod 3: Unique challenges that environmental studies faces (4)

A
  1. No baseline data (control planet)
  2. Subjectivity (people have diff. values and opinions)
  3. Interactions (complexity of natural and human dominated systems)
  4. Human well being (basic needs are the first priority, not environmental science)
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27
Q

Mod 4: anything that occupies space and has mass

A

matter

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28
Q

Mod 4: a measurement of the amount of matter that an object contains

A

mass

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29
Q

Mod 4: smallest particle that contains chemical props. of an element

A

atom

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30
Q

Mod 4: a substance composed of atoms that can not be broken into smaller, simpler components

A

Element

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31
Q

Mod 4: a particle containing more than 1 atom

A

molecule

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32
Q

Mod 4: a molecule containing more than one element

A

compound

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33
Q

Mod 4: measurement of the total number of protons and neutrons in an element

A

mass number

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34
Q

Mod 4: atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

A

Isotopes

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35
Q

Mod 4: The spontaneous release of material from the nucleus of radioactive isotopes

A

radioactive decay

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36
Q

Mod 4: The time it takes for 1/2 of an original radioactive parent atom to decay

A

half life

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37
Q

Mod 4: The bond formed when elements share electrons

A

covalent bond

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38
Q

Mod 4: a chemical bond between two ions of opposite charges

A

ionic bond

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39
Q

Mod 4: a weak chem bond that forms when hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded to one atom but are attracted to another atom or molecule

A

hydrogen bond

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40
Q

Mod 4: one side is more positive and the other side is more negative

A

Polar molecule

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41
Q

Mod 4: a prop of h2o that results from cohesion of of h2o molecules at the surface of a body of h2o that creates a sort of skin on its surface

A

surface tension

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42
Q

Mod 4: prop of h2o when adhesion of h2o molecules to a surface is stronger than the cohesion between the molecules

A

capillary action

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43
Q

Mod 4: contributes hydrogen atoms to a substance

A

acid

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44
Q

Mod 4: contributes hydroxide atoms to a substance

A

base

45
Q

Mod 4: the number that indicates the relative strength of A’s and B’s

A

pH

46
Q

Mod 4: an increase in acidity of the oceans

A

Ocean acidification

47
Q

Mod 4: occurs when atoms separate from molecules and recombine with other molecules

A

chemical reaction

48
Q

Mod 4: matter cannot be created nor destroyed; it can only change form

A

law of conservation of matter; it can only change form

49
Q

Mod 4: compound that does not contain the element carbon or contains carbon bound to elements other than hydrogen

A

Inorganic compound

50
Q

Mod 4: compound that contains carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds

A

Organic compound

51
Q

Mod 4: compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

A

carbohydrate

52
Q

Mod 4: critical part of living organisms made up of a long chain of nitrogen containing organic made molecules aka amino acids

A

protein

53
Q

Mod 4: organic compounds found in all living cells

A

Nucleic acid

54
Q

genetic material containing the code for reproducing the components of the next generation, organisms pass to offspring

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

55
Q

Mod 4: translates the code stored in DNA, makes synthesis of proteins possible

A

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

56
Q

Mod 4: smaller organic biological molecule that doesn’t mix with water

A

Lipid

57
Q

Mod 4: highly organized living entity that consists of 4 types of macromolecules and other substances in a watery solution, surrounded by a membrane.

A

cell

58
Q

Mod 4: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

A

macromolecules

59
Q

Mod 2: The process by which life supporting resources such as clean water, timber, fisheries, and agricultural crops are produced

A

Ecosystem services

60
Q

Mod 2: an indicator that describes the current state of an environmental system

A

environmental indicator

61
Q

Mod 2: How do we notice when ecosystems are stressed or have degraded?

A

when they do not proved the same services or produce the same products

62
Q

Mod 2: indicators (5)

A

Biodiversity, food production, human population, resource depletion, and surface temp + CO2 concentration.

63
Q

Mod 2: the diversity of life forms in an environment

A

biodiversity

64
Q

Mod 2: a group of organisms that is distinct form other groups in its morphology (Body form, structure) behavior, or biochemical properties.

A

species

64
Q

Mod 2: a measure of genetic variation among individuals in a population

A

genetic diversity

65
Q

Mod 2: The number of species in a region or in a particular ecosystem.

A

species diversity

66
Q

Mod 2: the evolution of new species

A

speciation

67
Q

Mod 2: the avg. rate at which species become extinct over the long term

A

background extinction rate

68
Q

Mod 2: gases in earths atmosphere that trap heat near the surface

A

greenhouse gases

69
Q

Mod 2: derieved from human activities

A

anthropogenic

70
Q

Mod 2: amount per each person in a country or unit of population

A

per capita

71
Q

Mod 2: improvement in human well being through economic advancement

A

developement

72
Q

Mod 2: living on earth in a way that allows humans to use its resources with out depriving future generations of those resources

A

sustainability

73
Q

Mod 2: development that balances current human well being and economic advancements with resource management for the benefit of future gens.

A

sustainable development

74
Q

Mod 2: love of life

A

biophilia

75
Q

Mod 2: a measure of how much an individual consumes, expressed in an area of land.

A

Ecological footprint

76
Q

Mod 2: Common global scale enviornmental indicators include all of the following except
a) atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations
b) human population
c) natural resource depletion
d) pollution in a local stream

A

d) pollution in a natural stream

77
Q

Mod 2: how many hectares of land is a 500 acre park? (1 acre = 0.40 hectares)
a) 200 ha
b) 250 ha
c) 500 ha
d) 750 ha

A

a) 200 ha

78
Q

Mod 2: a persons ecological footprint is
a) the land a person lives on
b) the smount of carbon dioxide a person contributes to climate change
c) the land required to produce a persons food
d) the land needed to support all of a persons activities

A

d) the land needed to support all of a persons activities

79
Q

Mod 3: the first step in the scientific process is
a) collecting data
b) observations and questions
c) forming a hypothesis
d) forming a theory

A

b) observations and questions

80
Q

Mod 3: challenges in the study of environmental science include all of the following except
a) dangers of studying natural systems
b) lack of baseline data
c) subjectivity of environmental impacts
d) complexity of natural systems

A

a) dangers of studying natural systems

81
Q

Mod 3: a control group is
a) a group with same conditions as the experimental group
b) a group with conditions found in nature
c) a group with a randomly assigned population
d) a group with the same conditions as the experimental group except for the study variable

A

d) a group with the same conditions as the experimental group except for the study variable

82
Q

use with out regard for future needs… American colonies and pioneers

A

exploitation

83
Q

Set aside, not to be use… a brief movement in the early 1800s

A

Preservation

84
Q

use resource for 1 purpose intensively… industrial revolution, the making of America

A

Utilitarian

85
Q

many voices involved in the decision making regarding the use of a resource

A

multiple use/sustainability

86
Q

Mod 5: the ability to do work or transfer heat

A

energy

87
Q

Mod 5: the amount of energy used when a 1 watt electrical device is turned on for 1 second

A

joule

88
Q

Mod 5: the rate at which work is done

A

power

89
Q

Mod 5: a form of energy emitted by the sun that includes visible light, ultraviolet, and infrared energy

A

Electromagnetic radiation

90
Q

Mod 5: a mass less pack of energy that carries electromagnetic radiation at the speed of light

A

photon

91
Q

Mod 5: stored energy that has not been released

A

potential energy

92
Q

Mod 5: potential energy stored in chemical bonds

A

Chemical energy

93
Q

Mod 5: The energy of motion

A

Kinetic energy

94
Q

Mod 5: measure of the average kinetic energy in a substance

A

Temperature

95
Q

Mod 5: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can change from one form to another

A

1st law thermodynamics

96
Q

Mod 5: when energy is transformed, the quantity stays the same, but its ability to do work diminishes

A

2nd law thermodynamics

97
Q

Mod 5: the ratio of the amount of energy expended in the form you want to the total amount of energy that is introduced into the system.

A

energy efficiency

98
Q

Mod 5: the ease with which an energy source can be used for work

A

Energy quality

99
Q

Mod 5: randomness in a system

A

Entropy

100
Q

Mod 5: exchanges of matter or energy occurs across system boundaries

A

Open system

101
Q

Mod 5: matter and energy exchanges do not do not happen across boundaries

A

closed system

102
Q

Mod 5: addition to the system

A

input

103
Q

Mod 5: a loss from the system

A

output

104
Q

Mod 5: to determine inputs, outputs, and change in a system under various conditions

A

system analysis

105
Q

Mod 5: inputs=outputs, system is unchanging over time

A

steady state

106
Q

Mod 5: a system responds to change by returning to it’s original start, or decreasing the rate which change is happening

A

neg. feedback

107
Q

change in a system is amplified

A

pos. feedback

AP Environmental Science (2 decks)

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