unit 1 Flashcards
An object is –––– if it is further from the center of the body.
Distal
An object is —– if is closer to the center of the body.
Proximal
An object is ——- if it is closer to the middle of the body.
Medial
An object is —– if it is closer to the side of the body.
Lateral
Refers to the front of the body.
Anterior
Refers to the back of the body.
Posterior
An object is —– if it is closer to the head.
Superior
An object is —– if it is further from the head.
Inferior
Located underneath muscles
Deep
Located above another muscles
Superficial
A plane that separates the body from left to right.
Sagittal Plane
A plane that separates the body from front to back.
Frontal Plane
A plane that separates the body from top to bottom.
Transverse Plane
——– divide into equal halves.
Cardinal Plane
This plane occurs in an oblique axis; a combination of more than one plane.
Diagonal Planes
—- bones in adult skeleton.
206 bones
—- bones in the axial skeleton
80 bones
—- bones in the appendicular skeleton.
126 bones
Name the 5 major functions in the skeletal system.
Support to maintain posture, protection of soft tissues, a good sight for mineral storage, the sight of blood cell production, and attachment points for muscles.
What does Wolff”s law state?
The size and shape of a particular bone are influenced by the direction and magnitude of forces that are applied to the bone.
What are Bone Markings?
Enhance the relationship between bones that re involved in the joint and serve as land marks.
What are the 3 types of joints?
Synarthrodial, Amphiarthrodial, and Diarthrodial.
What is a joint?
Point of contact of two or more bones.
Bone markings are divided into 2 main areas. What are they?
Processes and Cavities
Joints that allow no movement.
Synarthrodial
Joints that allow a very small amount of movement.
Amphiarthorodial
Joints that are freely moveable.
Diarthrodial
What are Synovial joints?
Designed for movement
Characteristics of a Synovial Joint.
Articular cartilage is surrounded by the ends of bones, surrounded by a joint capsule that contains a synovial membrane creating synovial fluid, synovial fluid fills the joint cavity and helps lubricate the joints, the joint capsule also forms ligaments which prevents the joint from abnormal movement and some have additional fibrocartilage disks structures.
What are Diarthrodial Joints?
Motion is possible in one or more planes and degrees of freedom of motion.
Describe a diarthrodial joint that has one degree of freedom of motion. Starts with H.
Hinge, Uniaxial, and flexion and extension.
Describe a diarthrodial joint that has one degree of freedom of motion. Starts with P.
Pivot, Uniaxial, and internal and external rotation.
Describe a diarthrodial joint that has two degrees of freedom of motion.
Condyloid, Biaxial, Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
Describe a diarthrodial joint that has three degrees of freedom of motion. Starts with an S.
Saddle, Multiaxial, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation, and circumduction .
Describe a diarthrodial joint that has three degrees of freedom of motion. Starts with B.
Ball-and-socket, Multiaxial, flexion, extension, diagonal abduction, diagonal adduction, internal and external rotation, and circumduction.
Describe a diarthrodial joint that has three degrees of freedom of motion. Starts with P.
Plane, Multiaxial, flexion, extension, diagonal abduction, diagonal adduction, internal and external rotation, and circumduction.
Generally, there is an —– relationship between the stability and mobility of a joint.
inverse
Variation between joints and between individuals due to —- and ——.
heredity and development
State Davis’s Law
If joints are stretched, then the soft tissues will also lengthen which results in an increased range of motion.
Five major factors of the total stability and mobility of a joint.
Static stability: Bones, Cartilage, and Ligaments and connective tissues.
Dynamic stability: Muscles and proprioception and motor control.
What movements are in the frontal plane?
Abduction (movement away from the body) and Adduction (movement towards the body)
What movements are in the sagittal plane?
Flexion (movement towards the anterior) and Extension (movement towards the posterior)
What movements are in the transverse plane?
Rotation (external and internal rotation)
—– pairs of skeletal muscles
215
What is the aggregate muscle action?
Muscles work together in groups to achieve a given joint motion.
What are 4 things the muscles do?
Protect, Dynamic/static stability, Posture, and produce heat.
Muscles are based on:
Visual appearance, location, and their functions.
When naming muscles on their appearance, what is considered?
Based on its shape, size (Maximus, Minor, Longus, Brevis), number of divisions
Explain the oblique direction of fibers.
They are arranged in a diagonal fashion.
Explain the rectus direction of fibers.
They are arranged in a parallel fashion.
Explain the transverse direction of fibers
They are arranged perpendicular to the long axis.
What is the function of the flexor muscles?
Decreases angle
What is the function of the extensor muscles?
Increases angle
What is the function of the adductor muscles?
Towards the midline.
What is the function of the abductor muscles?
Away from the midline.
Muscle fiber arrangement affects:
Force and Range
2 major types of fiber arrangements:
Parallel and Pennate
Define insertion of muscles.
Attachment farthest from the midline and most moveable.
Define origin oof muscles.
The attachment is closest to the midline and least moveable.
What is a tendon?
Muscles are attached to bones via fibrous tissues.
What is a Aponeurious?
It combines muscles with muscle.
What is Fascia?
Another form of connective tissue is used to surround and protect muscles.
Define Muscle Contarction.
Development of tension in a muscle as a result of a stimulus.
Through the development of muscle contraction, what 3 things can happen?
Cause joint movement, control joint movement, and prevent joint movement.
2 main types of muscle contraction:
Isometric and Isotonic
Define Isometric.
Static: Muscle tension is present, but no change in joint angle.
Define Isotonic contraction.
Dynamic: Muscle tension results in change in joint angle.
Define concentric contractions.
Muscles develop active tension as they shorten; muscle force > resistance; movement in the direction of muscle force.
Define Eccentric contractions.
Muscle develops active tension as it lengthens; Muscle force < resistance; movement in the direction of external force.
Define passive movement.
Movement may occur at any given joint without any muscle contraction whatsoever.
Muscle group may control —— motions.
opposite
Agonist Muscles
Those that cause a joint movement during the concentric contraction; May be more than one motion.
Antagonist Muscles
Oppose the agonist in position and concentric function; cooperation with agonists
Stabilizer Muscles
Provide a stable platform from which a body part can move.
Synergists and Neutralizers
Guiding muscles; refine movement and prevent undesired motions.
What are neurons?
Basic functional units of the nervous system are responsible for generating and transmitting impulses.
What do neurons consists of?
Neuron cell body, dendrites, and axon.
3 types of Neurons
Motor (from the CNS) Sensory (to the CNS) , Interneurons (in between the CNS)
Muscle Tissue properties
Irritability which signals from the motor nerves, and may cause the muscles to contract.
Define proprioception.
Mechanism by which body regulates posture and movement.
Define Kinesthesis.
Body awareness
Muscle spindles
Between muscle fibers and are sensitive to stretch and rate of stretch.
Describe Golgi tendon organs (GTO).
The tendon near the muscle is less sensitive than the muscle spindle and responds to muscle tension and active contraction.
Motor Unit
Single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervate; All-or-None Principle.
How do we vary muscle contraction?
Tension increases as more muscle fibers are involved and increase muscle length.
The number of muscle fibers recruited is increased by:
- Activating motor units with a greater number of muscle fibers
- Activating more motor units.
- Frequency of motor unit activation.
Stretch-shortening cycle:
Precede concentric contraction with eccentric contraction, activates stretch reflex, and GTO and the muscle spindle.
Reciprocal inhibition:
Antagonists lengthen under less tension.
Muscle-force velocity relationship
The rate of length change is related to the amount of potential force.
Define uniarticular muscles.
Muscles cross a single joint.
Define biarticular muscles.
Muscles cross two joints.
Define multiarticular muscles
Muscles cross many joints.
Concurrent movement:
The same actions at both joints they cross.
Countercurrent movement:
Opposite actions at both joints.
Active insufficiency:
agonist too short to generate/maintain tension
Passive insufficiency:
Antagonists can no longer lengthen and allow movement.
Mechanics
Study of physical actions of forces.
Biomechanics
Study of mechanics as it relates to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems.
Convert —— exerted over —– to —— extend over —–.
larger amount of force; shorter distance; smaller amount of force; greater distance
What 4 ways do machines function in?
Balance, enhance forces, increase range of motion and speed, and alter direction.
Convert —— exerted over —– to —— extend over —–.
smaller amount of force; longer distance; larger distance; shorter distance
3 types of simple machines:
Levers, Wheels and axles, and Pulleys.
Describe Levers.
The most common form of simple machine in a human body is the axis of rotation, Force, and Resistance.
Describe the arrangement of the first-class lever.
The axis is between the force and resistance.
Describe the arrangement of the second-class lever.
The resistance is found between the axis and force.
Describe the arrangement of the third-class lever.
The force is between the resistance and the axis.
Define the resistance arm.
Distance between axis point of resistance.
Define force arm.
Distance between axis and point of force.
What is the lever equation?
force magnitude x force arm = resistance magnitude x resistance arm
Two ways to find MA in first-class lever are….
resistance/force; length of force arm/length of resistance arm
Equations of MA in a second-class lever….
MA= length of force arm/length of resistance arm; MA= resistance/force… force=resistance/MA
Equations of MA in a third-class lever….
MA= length of force arm/length of resistance arm; MA= resistance/force… force=resistance/MA
Wheel radius _ radius of the axle
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Ex. if force is applied at wheel, what happens?
force arm= wheel radius; resistance arm=axis radius
MA= Force arm/resistance arm
MA= Wheel radius/axle radius
Ex. if force is applied to the axle, what happens?
Force arm=axle radius; resistance arm=wheel radius
MA=force arm/resistance arm
MA= axle radius/wheel radius
A single pulley ———– of force application.
changes effective direction
Define the Newton’s Law of Inertia.
- Resistance to change.
- A body in motion tends to remain at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by a force.
- A body at rest tends to remain at rest unless acted on by a force.
Define the Newton’s Law of Acceleration.
- The rate of change in velocity
- A change in acceleration of a body: occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it, it is directly proportional to the force causing it, and it is inversely proportional to the mass of the body.
Define Newton’s Law of Reaction.
- For every action, there is an opposite and equal reaction.
- Walking across a surface places force on that surface, which are returned to the feet.
Define equilibrium
State of zero acceleration.
Define balance.
Ability to control equilibrium.
Define stability.
Resistance to change in the body’s equilibrium.
Define center of gravity.
The point at which all of the body’s mass and weight are equally balanced.
List the factors to achieve balance:
- Center of gravity in base of support, and not near the edge unless oncoming force.
- Base of support is larger
- Greater weight
- Lower center of gravity
- Greater friction
- Rotation about an axis
-Kinesthetic physiology
