Unit 1 Flashcards
~The Speech Chain~
Order of levels:
Try the digram:
Order of levels: Linguistic, physiological, acoustic, physiological, lingusitic
~Speech Science~
Short Definition:
Long Definition:
Short Definition: Speech science is the study of production, acoustics, and perception of speech sounds
Long Definition: Speech science is the whole-body study of the neurophysiology, biomechanics, aerodynamics, acoustics (and aeroacoustic), and perception associated with sounds that have communication intent
Neurophysiology Definition:
The study of the physiology of the nervous system, including brain function and the innervation to the muscles of the body used in speech production
Biomechanics Definition:
Applying the techniques/ principles of mechanics to the structures and function of living organisms
Speech ex: Respiratory, laryngeal, vocal tract, articulatory system
Aerodynamics Definition
All about ___ and ____
Def: branch of mechanics that deals with the pressures, airflows, airflow resistances, and associated forces exerted by air in motion
All about pressures and flows.
Acoustics Definition
Branch of physics dealing with the creation and transmission of sound
-Also refers to the vibration of structures like tissue/ bone/ air
Speech Perception Definition
The identification and processing of acoustic cues that are used by a listener.
What components do you need for sound?
- energy source
- mechanism that generates pressure
- a medium of transmission
Fundamental physical quantities:
Length (m)
Mass (kg)
Time (s)
7 SI Units:
Second (time)
Meter (length)
Kilogram (mass)
Ampere (electric current)
Kelvin (temperature)
Mole (amount of substance)
Candela (luminous intensity)
Scalar vs Vector
Scalar: quantities only have magnitude
Vector: quantities have magnitude and direction
Energy Definition
Something that can produce a change in matter
Elasticity Definition and example:
Elastic Limit:
Elasticity Def: allows recovery of size and shape when the forces producing deformations are removed
EX) Spring
Elastic Limit: if you stretch it with enough force it will not go back to its original shape
Dynamic Stretch
-can elongate and shorten the tissue
EX) like going up in pitch, then going back down–> that is lengthening and shortening vocal folds
-the force it takes to shorten is less than the force it takes to lengthen
Elasticity 3 main points:
- property dealing with restoring force when tissue is displaced
- studied by comparing strain (increased length) when increased stress (pressure) is applied
- Is non-linear for human soft tissue, meaning that the required force (and stress) increases faster as the length increases more
Speed of sound is dependent on?
Dependent on temperature
-Increased temperatire= increased speed of sound
Simple Harmonic Motion def and example:
-a type of periodic (regular intervals) of vibratory motion resulting from a dynamic equilibrium between inertial forces and restoring forces on the moving object
EX) Mass on a spring, pendulum, tuning fork
Equilibrium:
Displacement:
Vibration:
Inertial Forces:
Elastic (restoring forces):
Equilibrium: point of balance when mass is at resting state
Displacement: the amount of mass is moved
Vibration: back and forth displacement/ movement of mass around equilibrium
Inertial Forces: forces related to mass that push an object to continue trajectory
Elastic (restoring forces): forces related to elasticity that pull object back to equilibrium
Period:
smallest increment of time for which a periodic function repeats itself; the duration of one cycle
Frequency:
cycles per second (Hertz Hz); the number of times a specific phenomenon occurs within a given interval
Wave length:
High Frequency=
Low Frequency=
Frequency is dependent on:
Wave length: peak to peak (trough to trough), physical distance of the wave
High frequency–> shorter period= shorter wavelenths
Low frequency –> longer period= longer wavelengths
Frequency is dependent on speed of sound and frequency in question.
Dampining occurs:
dampening occurs when there is friction that takes energy away
Superposition
addition of sinusoidal waves
Constructive interference:
Deconstructive interference:
Constructive interference: when one wave reinforces the other because air particles are displaced in the same direction
Deconstructive interference: same thing, but in opposite/ different directions
