Unit 1

Question 1

Data

Answer 1

A collection of observations
“Datum” - Plural

Question 2

Statistics

Answer 2

A field of study using math to collect, describe, and analyze data

Question 3

Population

Answer 3

The complete or whole group of the observations of interest

Question 4

Sample

Answer 4

A subset of observations from the population of interest

Question 5

Descriptive Statistics

Answer 5

Using measures to summarize numerical data

Question 6

Inferential Statistics

Answer 6

Creating estimations on populations based on limited information

Question 7

Parameter

Answer 7

A single value summarizing the observations in a population data set

Question 8

Statistic

Answer 8

A single measure summarizing sample data

Question 9

Variable

Answer 9

An observation or measurement record that describes a characteristic of individuals in a sample

Question 10

Quantitative

Answer 10

Recorded as a number

Question 11

Categorical

Answer 11

Recorded as a text/description
*Numbers that function as labels = Categorical

Question 12

Experiment

Answer 12

A study that usually compares two or more values in highly controlled procedure in order to determine cause/effect relationships

Question 13

Observational Study

Answer 13

A study which measures or describes one or more groups w/ limited interaction

Question 14

Experiment Unit

Answer 14

Individuals in an experiment being observed/measured
People = “subjects”

Question 15

Treatment

Answer 15

The casual factor being studied

Question 16

Control Group

Answer 16

The group not receiving the treatment

Question 17

Placebo

Answer 17

A fake treatment

Question 18

The Placebo Effect

Answer 18

A phenomenon where subjects respond to a fake treatment

Question 19

Confounding Variable

Answer 19

A characteristic of a group that wasn’t measured in the study and wrongly attributed change to the treatment

Question 20

3 qualities for effective experiments

Answer 20

• Control: Avoid confounding variables
• Randomization
• Replication

Question 21

Completely randomized design

Answer 21

randomly assigning all experimental units with no organizing, sorting, or categorizing beforehand.
*Works best with no confounding variables within the experiment units

Question 22

Randomized block design

Answer 22

Experimental units randomly assigned to stratas

Question 23

Matched pairs design

Answer 23

When they’re meaningful differences from a number of intrinsic characteristics, initially participants are paired to “closet match” according to important characteristics.

Question 24

Survey

Answer 24

A poll, questionnaire, or interview in which the responses are to answer questions

Question 25

Simulation

Answer 25

A study where observations are generated from realistic representations or recreations of events, rather than real life
* easy to gather quick data

Question 26

Random Sampling

Answer 26

A sample size n is constructed such that every possible sample of the same size n has the same probability of being chosen

Question 27

Systematic random sample

Answer 27

With a list of the members of the population, a cutoff by a certain number k such that every kth member of the population is selected.
*relatively prime k = representative percentage

Question 28

Cluster sample

Answer 28

populations are separated into groups, then a certain number of the groups are randomly chosen

Question 29

Stratified random sample

Answer 29

grouping the population into stratas, then from every group a number of individuals are chosen random