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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomical position

A

Pt is lying supine with hands at their sides palms facing up with feet together

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2
Q

Describe the use of left and right in reference to anatomical position

A
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3
Q

Supine

A

Face up

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4
Q

Prone

A

face down

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5
Q

Posterior / Dorsal

A

Back

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6
Q

Anterior/Ventral

A

Front

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7
Q

Cranial / Cephalic

A

towards head

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8
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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9
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the tail (coccyx)

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10
Q

Proximal

A

In between

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11
Q

Frontal or Coronal Plane

A

Body is sliced separating the anterior and posterior portions of the body

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12
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Separates the body into uneven right and left portions

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13
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Separates the superior and inferior portions of the body ** think of the cut happening at the hips, splitting the body into a top and bottom half**

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14
Q

Define anatomy

A

The study of structures internal and external and their PHYSICAL relationships among other body parts

EXAMPLE: examining where a muscle might attach to the skeleton

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15
Q

Define physiology

A

Studies how living organisms perform their vital FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLE : consider how a muscle contracts or what forces a contracting muscle exerts on the skeleton

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16
Q

Principle of complimentary of structure and function

A

All specific functions are performed by specific structures, and the form of a structure relates to its function

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17
Q

Major levels of organization

A
  1. Chemical Level
  2. Cellular level
  3. Tissue level
  4. Organ level
  5. Organ System level
  6. Organism Level
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18
Q

Example of chemical level

A

Complex protein molecules form filaments that produce the contractions of muscle cells in the heart

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19
Q

Example of cellular level

A

Energy producing organelles provide the energy needed for heart muscle cell contractions

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20
Q

Tissue level example

A

Heart muscle cells interact with/ other types of cells and w/ materials outside the cell to form cardiac muscle tissue

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21
Q

Example of organ level

A

Layers of cardiac muscle tissue in combo w/ another type of tissue called connective tissue, form the bulk of the wall of the heart, which is a hollow 3-D organ

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22
Q

Example of organ system level

A

When the heart contracts, blood is pushed into a network of blood vessels. Together the heart, blood, and blood vessels make up the cardiovascular system

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23
Q

Example of organism level

A

An individual is the highest level of organization that we consider. All the bodys organ systems must work together to maintain the life and health of the organism

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24
Q

Integumentary System Major Organs

A

-Skin, hair, sweat glands, nails

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25
Q

Integumentary System Functions

A
  1. Physical protection
  2. Storage of lipids
  3. Coordination of immune response
  4. Detection of touch,pain,pressure, vibration and temperature stimuli
  5. Synthesis of Vitamin D3
  6. Execretion
  7. Temp regulation
  8. Production of Melanin
  9. Production of Keratin
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26
Q

Skeletal System Major Organs

A

-Bones, Cartilage, Associated Ligaments, Bone Marrow

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27
Q

Skeletal System Functions

A
  1. Provide support & protection for other tissues
  2. Stores calcium & other minerals
  3. Forms blood cells
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28
Q

Muscular System Major Organs

A

-Skeletal Muscles and associated tendons

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29
Q

Muscular System Functions

A
  1. Movement
  2. Protect & Support other tissues
  3. Generate Heat & Maintain body temp
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30
Q

Nervous System Major Organs

A

-Brain, Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nerves, Sense organs

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31
Q

Nervous System Functions

A
  1. Direct immediate response to stimuli
  2. Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
  3. Provides & interprets sensory information about external conditions
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32
Q

Endocrine Major Organs

A

Pituitary & Thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, endocrine tissues in other systems

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33
Q

Endocrine System Functions

A
  1. Directs long term changes in activity of other organ systems
  2. Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body
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34
Q

Cardiovascular System Major Organs

A

Heart, Blood, Blood Vessels

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35
Q

Cardiovascular System Functions

A
  1. Distribute blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide
  2. Distribute heat & assist in control of body temp
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36
Q

Lymphatic System Major Organs

A

Spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils

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37
Q

Lymphatic System Functions

A
  1. Defends against infection & disease
  2. Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
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38
Q

Respiratory System Major Organs

A
  • Nasal cavitities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
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39
Q

Respiratory System Functions

A
  1. Deliver air to alveoli
  2. Provide oxygen to bloodstream
  3. Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
  4. Produces sounds for communication
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40
Q

Digestive System Major Organs

A

-Teeth,tongue,pharynx,esophagus, stomach,small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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41
Q

Digestive System Major Functions

A
  1. Process & digest food
  2. Absorb & conserve water
  3. Absorb nutrients
  4. Stores energy reverses
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42
Q

Urinary System Major Organs

A
  • Kidneys, ureters , urinary bladder, urethra
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43
Q

Urinary System Major Functions

A
  1. Excretes waste product from blood
  2. Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced
  3. Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
  4. Regulates blood ions & pH
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44
Q

Male Reproductive System Major Organs

A
  • Testes ,Epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum
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45
Q

Male Reproductive System Functions

A
  1. Produce sperm
  2. Produce seminal fluid
  3. Produce hormones
  4. Intercourse
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46
Q

Female Reproductive System Major Functions

A
  • Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands
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47
Q

Female Reproductive Major Functions

A
  1. Produce female sex cells (oocytes) & hormones
  2. Support developing embryo from conception to delivery
  3. Provide milk to nourish infant
  4. Intercourse
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48
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

Existence of a stable internal environment.

  • vital to an organisms survival
    -failure to maintain homeostasis soon leads to illness or death
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49
Q

Homeostatic Regulation (2 Mechanisms)

A

1 Auto regulation
-occurs when: cells,tissues,organs & organ systems adjust response to environment

  1. Extrinsic Regulation
    -organism thru feedback systems
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50
Q

Feedback System Components (3)

A
  1. Receptor = detect a change (input)
  2. Control Center = process & direct
  3. Effector = carries out response (Output)
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51
Q

Types of Feedback systems

A

Negative (Cancels out change) & Positive (amplifies change)

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52
Q

Negative Feedback System

A

Increase in output decreases in input *cancels out change *

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53
Q

Positive Feedback System

A

Output increases in input Amplifies Change

54
Q

Define Histology

A

The study of tissues

55
Q

4 Major Tissue Types

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
56
Q

Define Epithelial Tissue

A
  • Covers exposed surfaces
  • lines internal passageways and chambers
  • forms glands
57
Q

Define Connective Tissue

A
  • Fills internal spaces
    -provides structural support for other tissues
    -transports materials within the body -stores energy
58
Q

Define Muscle Tissue

A
  • Specialized for concentration and includes the skeletal muscles of the body, the muscle of the heart, and the muscle walls of hollow organs
59
Q

Define Nervous Tissue

A
  • Carries information from on part of the body to the other through electrical implus
60
Q

Midsaggital plane

A

Seperates the body into even right and left portions down the midline

61
Q

Define epithelium

A
  1. Covers surfaces, lines cavities and forms glands
  2. Cells attached w/ cell junctions
  3. Shows polarity

cells attached to basement layer
top has free surface

62
Q

Stratified

A

= more than 1 layer

63
Q

Function of stratified squamos

A

Physical protection

64
Q

Stratified Squamos are found in

A
  1. Skin 2. Esophagus
65
Q

Function of transitional epithelium

A
  1. Stretching 2. Recoiling
66
Q

Transitional Epithelium are found in

A

The urinary bladder

67
Q

Simple epithelium

A

= 1 layer of cells

68
Q

Function of Simple Squamous

A

Allow for diffusion

69
Q

Simple Squamous are found in

A

Lungs & capillaries

70
Q

Function of simple cuboidal

A

Produce secretions

71
Q

Simple cuboidal are found in

A

Thyroid glands, kidney tubules

72
Q

Function of simple columnar

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Protect from chemical stresses
73
Q

Simple columnar are found in

A

Small intestine

74
Q

Nucleus at the bottom =

A

Basal nucleus

75
Q

Function of pseudostratified ciliated columnar

A
  1. Protection
  2. Secretion
  3. Movement of mucus
76
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar are found in

A

Trachea

77
Q

Three types of connective tissue

A
  1. Fat 2. Bone 3. Blood
78
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A
  1. Structural framework for body
  2. Transport fluids and dissolved materials
  3. Protect organs
  4. Support other types of tissue
  5. Defend body from invading organisms
79
Q

Fibers found in connective tissue proper include

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Reticular
  3. Elastic
80
Q

Examples of connective tissue proper include

A
  1. Adipose tissue
  2. Fat
  3. Tendons
81
Q

Examples of fluid connective tissue include

A
  1. Blood
  2. Lymph
82
Q

Examples of supporting connective tissue include

A
  1. Cartilage
  2. Bone
83
Q

Characteristics of collagen fibers

A
  • long, straight and unbranched
    -flexible like rope. Strong like steel
84
Q

Characteristics of reticular fibers

A
  • thin, form from branching, interwoven framework that is tough yet flexible

-interwoven network stroma — stabilizes the relative position of functional cells or parenchyma, of organs like the liver

85
Q

Characteristics of elastic fibers

A
  • contain protein elastin

-branched & wavy

86
Q

Function of reticular tissue

A

Provides supporting framework

87
Q

Reticular tissue can be found in

A

Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

88
Q

Functions of dense regular connective tissue

A
  • provide firm attachment
    -conducts pull of muscles
  • reduces friction between muscles
    -stabilizes positions of bone
89
Q

Dense regular connective tissue can be found in

A
  • between skeletal muscles and skeleton (tendons & aponeuroses)
  • between bones or stabilizing positions of internal organs
  • covering skeletal muscles ; deep fascia
90
Q

Functions of dense irregular connective tissue

A
  • provides strength to resist forces from many directions
  • help prevent over-expansion of organs such as the bladder
91
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue can be found in

A
  • capsules of visceral organs
    -periostea and perichondria
    -nerve and muscle sheaths
    -dermis
92
Q

Functions of elastic tissue

A
  • stabilizes positions of vertebrae & penis
  • cushions shocks
  • permits expansions & contraction of organs
93
Q

Elastic tissue can be found in

A
  • between vertebrae of the spinal column
  • ligaments supporting penis
    -ligaments supporting transitional epethelia
    -blood vessel walls
94
Q

Define blood & lymph

A
  • fluid connective tissues that transport cells and dissolved materials

Plasma = watery matrix in blood

95
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A
  • loose irregular arrangement of fibers & cells
    -collagen fibers
    -elastic fibers
    -reticular fibers
    -fibroblasts
    -cushions organs
    -underskin and surrounding organs
96
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A
  • primary cell type is adipocyte
    -contains large lipid droplet
    -insulation, energy storage, padding
    -underlying skin, eye sockets
97
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

-regular arrangement of tightly packed collagen fibers
-scattered fibroblasts
-resists force in one direction
-tendons & ligaments

98
Q

Fluid connective tissue

A
  • cells suspended in plasma (water & protein mix that forms matrix)
    -transport
    -within blood vessels
99
Q

Define Supportive connective tissue

A

Matrix of ground substance complexed w/ carbohydrates w/ chrondrocytes found in lacune

  • provides structural support
100
Q

Types of supportive connective tissue

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibrocartilage
101
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • ends of bone
    -tightly packed collagen
102
Q

Elastic cartilage

A
  • external ear
  • elastic fibers
103
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • between vertebrae
    -interwoven collagen
104
Q

Tissue membranes ( 4 types )

A
  1. Mucous membranes
  2. Serous membrane
  3. Cutaneous membrane
  4. Synovial membrane
105
Q

Mucous membrane

A
  • line passageways and chambers that open to the exterior *

-perform absorption & secretory functions

  • contain areolar tissue called lamina propria

Ex: digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

106
Q

Serous membrane

A

-Line the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities

-line sealed, internal cavities of the trunk - cavities not open to exterior

Peritoneal = internal organs
Pleural = lungs
Pericardial = heart

-minimizes friction between surfaces it covers

107
Q

Involuntary

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle

108
Q

Can regenerate after an injury

A

Smooth muscle

109
Q

Striated tissue

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle

110
Q

Long, slender, multinucleate muscle cells

A

Skeletal muscle

111
Q

Extensive connections between cells at intercalated discs

A

Cardiac muscle

112
Q

Produce movement of body, movement of blood within the cardiovascular system, and movement of foodstuffs within the digestive tract

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

113
Q

Macrophage

A

“Big eater” that scavenges the surrounding tissue

114
Q

Mast cell

A

Contains histamine and heparin to stimulate local inflammation

115
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Secrete protein subunits that interact to form large extracellular fibers

116
Q

Melanocyte

A

Contains pigment melanin and gives tissue a dark color

117
Q

Adipocytes

A

Local energy storage

118
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Divide and differentiate to replace damaged tissue

119
Q

Fibrous cartilage =

A

Supportive connective tissue

120
Q

Adipose tissue =

A

Connective tissue proper , loose

121
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Connective tissue proper - embryonic

122
Q

Blood and lymph

A

Fluid connective tissue

123
Q

Tendons and ligaments

A

Connective tissue proper - dense

124
Q

What are the 2 layers of the cutaneous membrane?

A
  1. Dermis
  2. Epidermis
125
Q

What are the 2 layers of the cutaneous membrane?

A
  1. Dermis
  2. Epidermis
126
Q

What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum

127
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer that separates the integument from the deep fascia around other organs ?

A

Hypodermis

128
Q

Which epidermal layer is found only in thick skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

129
Q

Secretion that lubricates and inhibits growth of bacteria on the skin is called

A

Sebum

130
Q

The layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial

A
  1. Stratum germinativum
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum corneum

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (2 decks)

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