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Insect Ecology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how many agricultural crops do insects pollinate

A

~29 billion

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2
Q

insect commercial product annual revenue

A

~$300 million

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3
Q

ecology

A

study of interactions between organisms and their environments

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4
Q

species

A

a group of organisms which can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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5
Q

population

A

member/groups of individuals of a species living in a given area/location

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6
Q

community

A

different interacting populations that inhabit a given area/location

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7
Q

ecosystem

A

community and abiotic factors in a given area

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8
Q

insect role in ecology

A

most abundant form of animal life, diversity of form, highly adaptive, biomass, ecosystem function, biodiversity, food chain, abundant animal, applied insect ecology

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9
Q

insect genus most commonly found in oceans

A

water strider

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10
Q

early terrestrial colonization

A

insects colonized terrestrial environments before chordates

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11
Q

efficient and adaptable exoskeleton

A

their exoskeleton effectively prevents water loss and provides protection. the tracheal system supports efficient oxygen exchange, enabling high level of activity

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12
Q

adaptable physiology

A

small body size and being cold blooded help conserve energy, allowing insects to survive in extreme temperatures and exploit various ecological niches

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13
Q

complete metamorphosis

A

through complete metamorphosis, adults and larvae inhabit different environments, reducing competition. this also helps them avoid adverse conditions

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14
Q

wings

A

insects are one of three groups of animals that can fly, having developed the ability millions of years before the others

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15
Q

reproductive efficiency

A

insects have high reproductive rates and short generation times, giving them a tremendous capacity for reproduction

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16
Q

genetic plasticity

A

insects exhibit great genetic plasticity, making them highly adaptable to various environments

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17
Q

diverse forms and habitats

A

insects exploit a vast range of habitats, including hot springs, the ocean surface, the stomachs of horses, inside other insects, and the woods of trees

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18
Q

challenges of becoming an herbivore

A

digesting plants is hard and often they contain toxins

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19
Q

how many primarily herbivorous insect orders?

A

8 of 29

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20
Q

behavior

A

anything an individual does during its life involving action in response to a stimulus

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21
Q

orientation

A

movements within the home range or directed to resources

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22
Q

stasis

A

individual is stationary (e.g. diapause)

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23
Q

station keeping

A

individual stays within home range; an area required to provide the resources for survival and reproduction (e.g. local movement to food, shelter, mates, etc.)

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24
Q

kinesis

A

changes in rate of movement or turning (e.g. an insect responding to an attractive pheromone or kairomone)

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25
Q

foraging

A

the search for food or other resources, such behavior stops when resource is discovered (e.g. a parasitoid searching for hosts, butterfly searching for host plant)

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26
Q

commuting

A

regular foraging on a short-term basis which ends when resource is found (e.g. ant foraging, bee or wasp provisioning behavior)

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27
Q

territorality

A

guarding an area against intruders, aggressive behavior against trespassers (e.g. mating territories of dragonflies or butterflies where resident males drive off intruding conspecific males)

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28
Q

ranging

A

exploration of an area beyond the home range, ends when suitable resources are discovered (e.g. dispersal from one habitat to another such as from feeding to overwintering sites)

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29
Q
A

movement independent of resources or home range

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30
Q

migration

A

undistracted movement with stimulus (e.g. annual movement of monarch butterflies to mexico)

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31
Q
A

movement not under control of individual

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32
Q

accidental displacement

A

passive movement by wind, water or thermals; small insects such as aphids carried by wind

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33
Q

provisioning

A

usually by females including sterile workers, for larvae in concealed places (e.g. cells in nests - solitary bees, dung balls, carrion fed to silphid larvae in nest)

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34
Q

communication

A

act of transmitting information from a signaler to a receiver: a stimulus response; may be active or passive

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35
Q

chemical communication

A

insect behavior is influenced by chemical signals

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36
Q

intraspecific

A

within same species

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37
Q

interspecific

A

between different species

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38
Q

semiochemical

A

a chemical involved in the interaction between organisms

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39
Q

pheromone

A

a substance secreted by an organism to the outside and causes a specific reaction in a receiving organism of the same species produced in exocrine glands

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40
Q

primer pheromones

A

set into motion physiological changes

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41
Q

releaser pheromones

A

perceiving individual immediately produce related behavior

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42
Q

sex pheromone

A

attract opposite sex, generally produced by female

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43
Q

aggregation pheromone

A

produced by one or both sexes, brings organisms together to feed or reproduce

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44
Q

alarm pheromone

A

produced in response to being attacked, alarms, alerts, or repels other individuals of the same species

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45
Q

epideictic pheromones

A

stimulates dispersal from overcrowded conditions or conditions that are likely to become so

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46
Q

allelochemicals

A

a substance that is released by donor organisms into their environment which influence the growth/development of recipient organisms; mediate interspecific interactions

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47
Q

allomone

A

a substance produced or acquired by an organism; comes into contact with an individual of another species in a natural context, evokes a behavioral response or physiological reaction in the receiver; adaptively favorable to emitter but not receiver

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48
Q

kairomone

A

a substance produced or acquired by an organism which, when it contacts an individual of another species in the natural context triggers a behavioral or physiological response in receiving organism; provides an adaptive advantage to receiver but not the emitter (potentially disadvantageous)

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49
Q

synomone

A

a substance produced or acquired by an organism which when it contacts an individual of another species in the natural context evokes a behavioral or physiological reaction in the receiver which is adaptively favorable to both emitter and receiver

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50
Q

apneumone

A

a substance emitted by a non-living material that evokes a behavioral or physiological reaction which is adaptively favorable to a receiving organism but is detrimental to an organism of another species which may be found in or on the non-living material

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51
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

condition where the two sexes of the same species exhibit different morphological characteristics in addition to differences in reproductive organs

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52
Q

visual communication via light

A

~100% of a light is given as a light, utilized for sexual communication in coleoptera (lampyridae)

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53
Q

communication via sound

A

sound is utilized by as wide range of insects for various functions; developing an acoustic communication system is challenging; evolution requires changes to transmit sound through environment, adapt sound for specific biological functions, and develop structures to receive and interpret the signals; insects are the main arthropod group that uses acoustic behavior; at least 10 insect orders have species that produce sound signals

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54
Q

frequency

A

high vs low pitch

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55
Q

amplitude

A

loudness

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56
Q

communication by sound advantages

A

not limited by environmental barriers, effective over distances, highly variable

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57
Q

communication by sound disadvantages

A

reveal location of sender to a potential predator, less effective in background noise, expensive to produce

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58
Q

monogamy

A

mates once, single mate for life; necrophorus beetles (silphidae both sexes); appears to be ancestral trait for hymenoptera, the eusocial insects

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59
Q

polygyny

A

females mate once, males are variable in mate numbers; hawk wasps, territorial butterflies

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60
Q

polygyny

A

females mate once, males are variable in mate numbers; hawk wasps, territorial butterflies

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61
Q

polygynandry

A

both sexes variable mate numbers; male mating success more variable

62
Q

polygamy

A

both sexes variable mate numbers, equal success

63
Q

polyandrogyny

A

both sexes variable mate numbers; female success more variable

64
Q

polyandry

A

males mate once, females vary in mate numbers, involves males that mate for life with single female but females live much longer (praying mantids)

65
Q

hilltopping

A

common strategy for males and females; mostly males fly to prominent topographical features and mate with females as they fly through the area

66
Q

mate rendezvous hypothesis (alcock and dodson 2008)

A

hilltops will primarily attract males, who will have the opportunity to mate with multiple females, while females will be less common because they typically mate only once; females found at hilltops are likely to be virgins while mated females are less likely to be present

67
Q

lekking

A

assemblages of males independent of food or oviposition sites; males aggregate at one spot, set up small adjacent territories and mate with females who fly through

68
Q

territoriality

A

different forms; males may set up a territory, females pass through to oviposit (oviposition sites or food)

69
Q

nuptial gift

A

males provide gift to females before mating, female selects males based on gift quality; often serve as a mating investment rather than benefiting offspring, some species show evidence of significant male parental investment

70
Q

hair-pencils and coremata

A

pheromone-emitting structures found in male lepidoptera. males use hair-pencils during courtship to communicate with females

71
Q

oviposition behavior

A

enhances individual fitness, intense selective pressure, diversity of stimuli affects choice of sites, phytophagous insects assess suitability of host for offspring development based on host chemistry or existing feeding pressure

72
Q

semelparity

A

insects lay all their eggs during one period; more common with shorter life span

73
Q

iteroparity

A

insects produce eggs over more protracted periods; more common with longer life span esp. social insects

74
Q

oviparity

A

females deposit eggs that develop & hatch externally

75
Q

viviparity

A

females retain developing eggs inside their body, give birth to offspring

76
Q

parental investment

A

any investment by the parent in an individual offspring that increases the offspring’s chance of surviving (and hence reproductive success) at the cost of the parent’s ability to invest in other offspring

77
Q

parental investment components

A

metabolic cost of producing primary sex cells, provision of food and protection for offspring

78
Q

male parental investment

A

most males only provide sperm, some males offer nuptial gifts or help feed and protect offspring

79
Q

female parental investment

A

majority lay eggs without further care; some females carefully select oviposition sites, investing time to find optimal locations for their young

80
Q

protective egg coverings

A

complex chorion in many insect groups; oothecae in roaches, foamy egg cases or oothecae in mantids

81
Q

protective secretions for eggs

A

females cover egg clutches with protective secretions (e.g. some membracids and reduviids)

82
Q

unique egg protection

A

stick insects produce a capitulum on the egg operculum, attracting ants; similar to elaiosome on seeds, prompting ants to carry eggs into their nests for safety

83
Q

spermatophores as nutritional contributions

A

used in egg production to maximize egg number, aid in early egg maturation, one Heliconius male can provide enough nitrogen for 15-30 eggs with a single spermatophore; male grasshoppers pass spermatophores to females, enhancing egg development

84
Q

polistes dominula paper wasp parental care

A

nest building

85
Q

phyllomorpha laciniata egg bug parental care

A

egg brooding

86
Q

abedus herberti water bug parental care

A

egg brooding

87
Q

glossina tsetse flies parental care

A

viviparity

88
Q

forficula auricularia earwig parental care

A

offspring attendance, removing mother reduces survival rate of offspring regardless of brood size

89
Q

nicrophorus vespilloides burying beetle parental care

A

food provisioning

90
Q

bicyrtes quadrifasciata sand wasp parental care

A

inject venom into host bugs to paralyze, then brings them into nest for provisioning

91
Q

publilia concava treehopper parental care

A

when mother experimentally removed, successful hatch rates significantly declined despite equal laying

92
Q

parental attendance pros and cons

A

positively impacts offspring survival, parental care is costly and dangerous for fathers

93
Q

stink bug parental care

A

stands over offspring for 1-3 days

94
Q

stator limbatus seed beetle parental care

A

egg size and number varies with host plant species based on seed hardness

95
Q

acanthosomatidae horned shield bug/parent bug parental care

A

stands over offspring

96
Q

lariophagus parasitoid wasp parental care

A

as host size increases, fewer male eggs are laid

97
Q

visual communication applications

A

monitoring biodiversity of beneficial and pest insects; traps may have visual cues used by certain insect species; may attract several families

98
Q

chemical communication applications

A

monitoring target species; traps baited with species-specific lures mainly to attract target species but may also attract individuals of a closely related species; controlling pest population, attract and kill, mating disruption

99
Q

attract and kill (aka lure and kill)

A

lures individuals/large population and has insecticide component

100
Q

mating disruption

A

species specific synthetic pheromone is applied onto crops and false odor plumes attract males away from females to confuse male individuals, reduce mating, and reduce pest population density; different techniques: dispensers, sprayable

101
Q

monitoring target species

A

keystone of ipm, established pest population, ports of entry, beneficial species, mainly pheromone-based

102
Q

lures/baits

A

similar ratio of chemical components as released by female insects, emission rate resembles calling females

103
Q

advantages of pheromone-based pest management

A

almost no health risks to applicator, no health risks to consumer, no detectable residues in produce depending on dispensing systems, no accumulation in wildlife or groundwater, short pre-harvest intervals, short interval for re-entry after application in farms, strong tool for insecticide resistant management, do not cause secondary pest outbreaks as common in conventional insecticides

104
Q

disadvantages of pheromone-based pest management

A

expensive, wide area needed for effectiveness, makes species-specific monitoring difficult

105
Q

gustatory stimulants

A

corn rootworm, cucumber beetles; cidetrak d is currently used, has no insecticidal properties so need to mix with stomach poison insecticides; stimulates beetles to ingest insecticides thereby increasing their efficacy

106
Q

sound/vibrations applications

A

disruption of vibrational communication and behavior, can attract to traps

107
Q

sterile insect technique (sit)

A

eco friendly; mass rear and sterilize target pests using radiation, sterile males released by air over defined areas to mate with wild females, resulting in no offspring and declining population

108
Q

subsocial

A

aggregations, parental care with and without nesting; form single-family units with parental care, found in thousands of species across 15 orders

109
Q

parasocial

A

communal, quasisocial, semisocial

110
Q

eusocial

A

highest level of organization, division of labor and caste system, cooperation in tending young ones, overlap of generations; hymenoptera, termites

111
Q

communal

A

members of same generation live together without cooperative brood care; common in species with communal oviposition but no active parent care

112
Q

quasisocial

A

more socially complex than communal, members of same generation live together and cooperate in brood care

113
Q

semisocial

A

cooperative brood care, reproductive caste differentiation among females of the same generation

114
Q

termites

A

45 species in us; mature queen mainly oviposits, life span several years, longest known in insects; eat cellulose, gut symbionts help them digest (bacteria, protozoans, fungi); can be subterranean, drywood, or dampwood

115
Q

differences between ant and termite

A

antennae, constriction in abdomen, wing size, wing veins

115
Q

eusociality in termites

A

primary reproductives king and queen, supplementary reproductives neotenics; nonreproductive castes soldiers and workers

116
Q

eusociality in ants

A

formicidae family; reproductive caste king and queen; worker caste adult wingless unmated females, generally daughters of queen, may be further specialized

117
Q

slave making/slave ants

A

brood parasites that capture broods of other ant species to boost their worker population; after emerging in slave-maker’s nest, ants work as if they were in their own colony; target specific species or group, usually closely related to them; rare; no worker caste; new queens sneak into established colony and kills and replaces current queen

118
Q

eusociality in wasps

A

reproductive caste queen and drone; worker caste unmated adult females, generally offspring of queen

119
Q

eusociality in aphids

A

live in colonies, closely related due to parthenogenesis, benefit from alarm signaling and induction of metabolic sinks in host plants

120
Q
A
121
Q

eusociality in thrips

A

single winged females induce galls in acacia plants, thrips defend gall from initiation until closure using specialized armed forelegs, winged (gall initiation/dispersal) and nonwinged (sterile soldier) caste

122
Q

eusociality in beetles

A

ambrosia beetle constructs galleries in living eucalyptus trees, solitary fertilized females initiate galleries in autumn, have fungal gardens for all nourishment, female lays eggs at one end of gallery, larvae tak 2-3 yrs to mature, after 4 yrs galleries contain unfertilized adult females who maintain and defend them, they lack the last four tarsal segments so they can’t leave the colony

123
Q

pollination

A

process by which pollen of flower is transferred from anther to stigma; pollinators help in genetic exchange

124
Q

apis species

A

honeybees

125
Q

bees contribution to farm income in 2010

A

$29 billion

126
Q

% global agricultural production dependent on pollinators

A

35%

127
Q

% agricultural production dependent on pollinators in us

A

23%

128
Q

native bees

A

indigenous wild bees present in diverse habitats, many are more efficient pollinators than honeybee

129
Q

traplining

A

bees memorize the flight path and spatial location of floral patches

130
Q

% flowering plants pollinated by native bees

A

80%

131
Q

monophagous

A

specialists that feed on a single plant

132
Q

oligophagous

A

species that feed on plants in several genera

133
Q

polyphagous

A

generalists that exploit plants in more than one family

134
Q

constitutive

A

defenses always present regardless of herbivore presence

135
Q

induced

A

defenses only produced in reaction to damage or stress caused by feeding of herbivore

136
Q

physical plant defenses

A

trichomes, spines, thorns

137
Q

chemical plant defenses

A

plant compounds derived from primary metabolism

138
Q

plant tolerance

A

can experience some degree of attack without fitness loss

139
Q
A
140
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A
140
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A
141
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A
142
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A
143
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A
143
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A
144
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A
145
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146
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147
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148
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Insect Ecology (2 decks)

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