unit 1 Flashcards
what is the black death?
an epidemic caused by the bubonic plague from fleas on asian black rats that were brought to europe on ships.
how did the black death spread quickly thru medieval cities?
overcrowding, sleeping in one room/bed, poor sanitization, malnutrition, poor hygiene
how was florence’s population affected by the black death?
1/2 died
what were some effects of the black death?
1/3 of europe died, economy suffered, workers had higher wages, serfdom ended in west europe, peasant revolts grew, enclosure of british fields, antisemitism, pessimism in literature and art
what was the hundred years war about
a series of conflicts fought between England and France over succession to the French throne
howd the hundred years war start
a claim to the duchy of aquitaine in france by the english royalty.
what was babylonian captivity
struggle between the pope and french king led to the election of a french pope. damaged papal prestige.
what caused the great schism
one pope in rome and one pope in france wouldn’t recognize the other.
what ended the great schism
the conciliar movement
define Renaissance
transformation between the middle ages and the modern world. “rebirth”. the beginning of modern european history
who was Petrarch
one of the earliest humanists. italian poet+scholar. saw middle ages as “dark ages”. searched for forgotten latin manuscripts.
what are humanists
renaissance intellectuals who studied classical civilization
what are greek classics
literature, drama, and history that nearly disappeared in europe if not translated by arabic scholars.
who was giovanni pico della mirandola
Italian scholar and platonist philosipher. his goal was to take competing philosophical views and blend them.
explain the importance of giovanni pico della mirandola, oration on the dignity of man book.
famous humanist work blended many ideas to explain the place of humans and their relationship to god in the order of the world
explain secularism
emphasizing different worldly values rather than focusing on religion. ex: seperating church from state.
who was christine of pizan?
italian-french writer. advocated for greater gender equality during the renaissance
what was baldassare castiglione’s most famous work and why
the book of the courtier, most important work on renaissance social etiquette.
define civic humanists
people who believe that responsible citizens must be educated in history and political issues to help improve society.
define christian humanists
focus on texts of the early catholic church. advocated a return to a simpler and more humane form of christianity
define patron
a financial supporter towards writers and artists to produce specific works
who was cosimo de medici and why is he important in discussing the renaissance?
became the unofficial ruler of the republic of france (center of renaissance). most powerful of their rulers
define religious patronage
gifting possessions/materiality for manifestation of prayers
who invented the printing press
johann gutenberg
what was the first book printed on the printting press
the bible
how did the printing press change europe?
facilitated the spread of the reformation + vernacular literature
how did education change in europe during the renaissance?
expanded the revival of interest in greek+roman texts to include literature, drama, and history
whats a city state?
a small regional kingdom and selfgoverning community
what was the birthplace of the renaissance?
florence, italy (?)
explain the importance of the machiavelli’s prince?
“it was better to be feared than to be loved.” continued to influence european rulers to be more aggressive and powerful for centuries.
