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AP Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are hydrogen bonds made between?

A

A Hydrogen and a N/O/F or other highly electronegative molecule

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2
Q

Definition of Polar

A

Having partial positive and partial negative parts of a molecule

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3
Q

What are the 7 properties of water and why are they important

A
  1. Cohesion
  2. Adheson: Cohesion and adhesion allow for capillary action which plants use to transport water and nutrients
  3. Surface tension: Allows for some insects like the water strider to walk on water. Is basically cohesion
  4. Versitillity as a solvent: Allows for the transport of nutrients and chemical reactions that facilitate life
  5. High Specific Heat capacity: allows water to regulate temperature, especially in coastal regions
  6. Decreases density as a solid: Allows for sea life in arctic regions, because otherwise the whole ocean would freeze
  7. Abillity to act as a pH buffer solution: Helps maintain homeostasis by ensuring that enzymes and proteins that rely on pH are functioning
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4
Q

Describe the relationship betwen pH, H+ concentration, and acidity

A

a pH of equal to 7 means that a solution is neutral. Less than 7 is acidic and more than 7 is basic. The lower pH, the higher the H+ concentration.

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5
Q

What is the difference between organic and inorganic molecules

A

Organic molecules have Carbon AND Hydrogen, while inorganic ones do not

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6
Q

What are polymers and monomers

A

Polymers are chains of building blocks, called monomers

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7
Q

Whatare the 4 polymers and their monomers

A
  • Carbohydrates: monosaccarides
  • Lipids: glycerol and fatty acids
  • Proteins: Amino Acids
  • Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides
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8
Q

What is dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

A
  • Dehydration synthesis / condensation is the combining of two monomers to form a polymer by removing an H2O, which usually means remvoing an H from one and an OH from another.
  • Hydrolysis / digestion is when a polymer is broken down by adding water.
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9
Q

What is the definition of a carbohydrate? Which elements could it contain?

A

Elements: C, H, O
It is an organix compound that contains C, H, and O in an approximate 1:2:1 ratio (Think Carbon + Hydrate).

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10
Q

What are the three categories of carbohydrates and what does saccaride mean?

A

saccharide means sugar
The three categories of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.d

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11
Q

What are two monosaccarides?

A

Glucose and Fructose are two monosacharides with the empirical formula C6H12O6. They exist in ring and straight chain forms. They usually form rings in aqueous solutions.

Glucose is the most popular sugar and a very ancient form of energy storage. Glycolysis is the way in which organisms break down glucose for energy.

You can spot carbs if they have a a bunch fo OHs and Hs attatched to carbons

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12
Q

What is a glycosidic linkage? How is it reversed?

A

When two monosaccharides perform dehydration synthesis, they create a bond called a glysidic linkage.

It can be reversed via hydrolysis.

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13
Q

What are two common disaccharides?

A

Maltose and sucrose. They look like an infinity symbol, with two rings.

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14
Q

What are the four important polysaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides are made of repeated monosaccharides.

Glycogen stores sugar in animals and starch stores sugar in plants.

Cellulose is made up of beta glucose (a variant with slight modification in shape) and is found as part of the cells walls in plant cells.

Chitin is also made up of beta glucose and is used for structure in the walls of fungi and exoskeletons of arthropods.

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15
Q

What are the two types of carbohydrates?

A

The two types of carbohydrates are branched or unbranched. Unbranched mean the monosaccharides form a straight line, while branched means the on of the monosaccharides is connected to three others, creating a branching structure.

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16
Q

What elements can be found in proteins?

A

C, H, O, N (S, P)

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17
Q

What is the monomer of proteins?

A

Amino acids. There are 20 distinct amino acids.

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18
Q

What are the parts of an amino acids? Draw an amino acid.

A

It has four important parts around a central carbon atom, which is an amine group (NH2) and carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen an the special R group aka side chain. The R group is what determines the unique properties of the amino acids. R groups can be a single hydrogen or long chains.

H R O
\ | //
N – C – C
/ | \
H H OH

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19
Q

What are the three broad categories of amino acids? How do side chains differ?

A

Hydrophobic (non-polar and uncharged), Hydrophillic (polar and uncharged), and ionic (polar and charged).
Side chains can have different composition of elements, polarity, charge, and shape (long, short, ring)

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20
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

A peptide bond is a bond formed between two amino acids that makes up a polypeptide. It is formed by dehydration synthesis.

21
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A dipeptide is a chain of two amino acids. A polypeptide is a chain of many.

22
Q

What are the differences between the different levels of protein structures?

A

Primary: The linear order of amino acids
Secondary: Whether the amino acids form a beta-pleated sheet or an alpha-helix.
Tertiary: The 3d structure of the protein. makes the protein more stable by minimizing free energy.
Quaternary: How multpile polypeptide chains may interact each other to create a protein that is a combination of polypeptide chains. Each chain is called a subunit of the whole protein.

23
Q

What is a common protein with a quaternary structure and what does it do?

A

Hemogoblin is a molecule in blood that helps distribute oxygen to tissue

24
Q

How can the folding of proteins be aided?

A

Chaperone proteins, or chaperonins are other proteins that can help with the folding of other proteins accurately and efficiently.

25
Q

What is the difference between a polypeptide and protein?

A

A polypeptide is just the chain of amino acids, a protein is the functional, folded chain of one or more polypeptides.

26
Q

What are the two connecting parts of an amino acid called and what is important about them?

A

All peptides start with a N-terminus, or amino terminus, and end with a C-terminus, or corboxyle terminus.

The relative positions of N and C terminuses can change the folding of a protein (aka order matters)

27
Q

Where/How do polypeptides connect?

A

The N-terminus of one amino acid undergoes dehydration synthesis with the C-terminus of another to form a peptide bond.

28
Q

What are the monomers of lipids?

A

Glycerol (A type of alcohol) and fatty acids are the monomers of lipidws

29
Q

Explain the structure and function of the type of lipid used for storing fat.

A

Triglycerides contain three Glycerols called the Glycerol backbone and fatty acids coming off of them.

30
Q

What do our bodies use for storing fat?

A

Adipose tissue, made up of cells called adipocytes, which contain triglycerides are used for fat storage.

31
Q

What do fatty acids look like and what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

A

Fatty acids are long chains of carbin connected to hydrogens on either side. Saturated means that every carbon in the chain is bonded to hydrogens, or it can be unsaturated meaning that there is a double bond in the chain. If there are many double bonds it is called polyunsaturated.

Unsaturated fatty acids are often curved or bend at the double bonds.

Saturated fatty acids are usually solid at room temperature while unsaturated fatty acids are usually liquid due to their clunkiness.

32
Q

What are the two types of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

cis and trans fatty acids. Cis fatty acids bend while, trans fatty acids stay straight which is straight retarded because cis = straight but biologist have absoluteley zero brain cells so its the opposite.

33
Q

What is the structure and function of phospholipids?

A

Phospholipids contain two saturated fatty acid tails and one phosphate head arranged like:
P
|_
_

The head is hydrophillic and the tails are hydrophobic. This is called an amphiphatic molecule and the phospholipid bilayer is used in cell membranes

34
Q

What is the structure and function of cholestrol?

A

Cholestrols are four-ringed lupids found in membranes that increases membrane fluidity at low temperatures and increases rigidity at high temperatures.

It is also important for making certain hormones and vitamin D.

35
Q

What are nuclec acids?

A

They are either DNA or RNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid or Ribonucleic acid. They store genetic inormation

36
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides - Adenine, theymine, guanine, cytysine, and uracil for RNA

37
Q

What are the elements in nucleic acids?

A

CHONP

38
Q

What are the elements in Lipids?

A

CHO(P)

39
Q

What direction does DNA flow?

A

It is antiparalel, meaning one strand (leading) goes from 5’ to 3’ while the other strand (lagging) goes from 3’ to 5’.

40
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Each nucleotide contains a sugar ring (deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate that makes up the phosphate backbone, and a nitrogenous base.

41
Q

What is the difference between a 5’ end and a 3’ end?

A

The difference is that on the 3’ carbon of the 3’ end there is a free hydroxl group, which on the 5’ carbon the 5’ end is a attatched to a free phosphate and its 3’ carbon is attatched to a phosphate.

42
Q

What is the difference between the structure of DNA and RNA?

A

On the 2’ carbon of RNA, there is a hydroxide (OH), which on the 3’ carbon of DNA there is only an H, hence the prefix deoxy.

43
Q

What do the letters A, T, G, C, and U represent? (not names, type of molecule)

A

nitrogenous bases

44
Q

Why are the hydrogen bonds between base paris important?

A

They give stability and structure to the double helix and they make sure that each base pair is connected to its conjugate, making replication more accurate.

45
Q

What bonds can be removed in DNA?

A

The bonds that make up the phophate backbone can be removed because it will be replaced.

46
Q

What is a defining characteristic of lipids that seperates them from other macromolecules?

A

They are hydrophobic

47
Q

What bonds are present in each level of protein structure?

A

Primary: Peptide
Secondary: Hydrogen
Tertiary: disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions
Quaternary: Non-covalent interactions

48
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria

AP Biology (4 decks)

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