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biology > unit 1 > Flashcards

unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

unicellular:

A

organisms made of only one cell

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2
Q

multicellular

A

organisms made of many cells

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3
Q

organelles:

A

ultra-structures within cells which have a particular function

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4
Q

nucleus:

A

controls cell activities

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5
Q

cell membrane:

A

controls what enters and exits the cell

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6
Q

cytoplasm:

A

site of chemical reactions

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7
Q

ribosomes:

A

site of protein production

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8
Q

mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration

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9
Q

cell wall:

A

provide structure and support to the cell

PLANT = made of cellulose
FUNGAL AND BACTERIAL = made of different materials

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10
Q

vacuole:

A

contains cell sap and maintains turgar of cell

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11
Q

chloroplasts:

A

site of photosynthesis

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12
Q

plasmids:

A

extra circular piece of DNA used in genetic engineering

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13
Q

organelles found in animal cell:

A

mitochondria
nucleus
cel membrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes

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14
Q

organelles found in plant cell

A

nucleus
mitochondria
chloroplast
vacuole
cell membrane
cell wall
ribosomes
cytoplasm

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15
Q

organelles found in fungal cell:

A

nucleus
mitochondria
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes

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16
Q

organelles found in bacterial cell:

A

lathe circular DNA molecule
plasmids
cytoplasm
cell membrane
cell wall
capsid

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17
Q

where does fermentation in yeast cells occur?

A

cytoplasm

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18
Q

examples of membrane bound organelles

A

nucleus
chloroplast
mitochondria

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19
Q

what are the cell membrane comprise of?

A

phospholipids and proteins

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20
Q

what does the cell membrane comprise of?

A

phospholipids and proteins

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21
Q

the phospholipids are arranged…

A

…in 2 layers to form a lipid bilayer

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22
Q

what is the cell membrane commonly described as?

A

fluid mosaic structure

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23
Q

what is embedded in the cell membrane?

A

proteins

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24
Q

the cell membrane is selectively permeable. what does this mean?

A

some small molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer while other larger molecules are transported across the cell membrane by proteins.

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25
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient. (high to low)

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26
Q

what is a concentration gradient?

A

the difference in concentration of a substance between 2 areas.

27
Q

passive transport:

A

requires no energy

28
Q

why is diffusion important?

A

allows them to gain useful substances (to obtain energy and grow) and get rid of waste products

29
Q

what is osmosis?

A

the movement of water molecules from a high to a low concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane.

30
Q

cell shrinks/plasmolysed:

A

water concentration inside the cell is higher than outside so water moves out by osmosis.

31
Q

cell stays the same:

A

water concentration outside the cell is the same as inside the cell so there is no net movement of water.

32
Q

cell bursts/turgid:

A

water concentration outside the cell is higher than inside so water moves in by osmosis.

33
Q

active transport:

A

the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
it is the movement of molecules and ions against a concentration gradient.
- requires energy

34
Q

what is DNA?

A

a double stranded helix which is the information carrying molecule found in all living organisms.

35
Q

where is DNA stored

A

nucleus

36
Q

what are chromosomes

A

2 strands which coil to form thread like structures

37
Q

genes:

A

section of DNA that’s codes for a protein

38
Q

chromosomes are divided into…

A

packets of information called genes

39
Q

DNA has 2 backbones..

A

held together by complementary base pairs

40
Q

bases and their pairing in DNA:

A

ADENINE only pairs with THYMINE
CYTOSINE only pairs with GUANINE

41
Q

how is a protein produced?

A

a molecule called mRNA copies the code from the nucleus and carries it to a ribosome where the protein is assembled from amino acids.
3 bases on the molecule of mRNA codes for one specific amino acid.
the base sequence determines amino acid sequence in the protein

42
Q

what is a protein

A

a large molecule made up of amino acids

43
Q

functions of proteins:

A
  • structural (offer support to cell)
  • hormones ( chemical messengers)
  • receptors (signals transmitted across membrane)
  • enzymes (speed up cellular reactions)
  • antibodies (protect body from disease)
44
Q

enzymes:

A

fixation as biological catalysts and are made by all living cells. they speed up cellular reactions and are unchanged in the process.

45
Q

definition of substrate and products:

A

substrate - substance the enzyme acts upon
products - substance the enzyme makes

46
Q

active site:

A

the area on the enzyme where the substrate attaches to (complementary)

47
Q

enzyme-substrate complex:

A

the substrate and enzyme binded together

48
Q

degradation and synthesis:

A

degradation - break down of molecules
synthesis - build up of molecules

49
Q

optimum conditions:

A

the rate of enzyme activity is at its highest and most active

50
Q

denatured:

A

due to high temps, enzymes have a change in their shape

51
Q

stages of genetic engineering:

A
  1. human gene of interest identified
  2. human gene of interest cut from chromosome using enzymes
  3. plasmids from bacterial cell
  4. plasmid cut open using enzymes
  5. human gene sealed into plasmid using enzymes
  6. modified plasmid placed into bacterial cell (now known as genetically modified organism)
  7. bacterial cell is allowed to grow and replicate
52
Q

what is genetic engineering

A

genetic information is transferred from one organism into another

53
Q

what is respiration?

A

respiration is a chemical process that releases the stored energy from glucose through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions

54
Q

what is respiration?

A

respiration is a chemical process that releases the stored energy from glucose through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions

55
Q

word equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + ATP (lots)

56
Q

what does aerobic respiration require?

A

oxygen

57
Q

name the 2 stages of aerobic respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. breakdown of pyruvate
58
Q

GLYCOLYSIS:

A

during glycolysis, glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm of the cell. this produces 2 ATP and 2 molecules of pyruvate

59
Q

BREAKDOWN OF PYRUVATE:

A

in the cytoplasm of the cell, pyruvate combines with glucose. this produces 2 ATP, carbon dioxide and water

60
Q

what does ATP provide and what can it be broken down into?

A

ATP provides energy for cellular processes and can be broken down into ADP + Pi

61
Q

how many ATP is produced in aerobic respiration?

A

first stage = 2 ATP
second stage = lots of ATP

62
Q

how many ATP is produced during fermentation/anaerobic respiration?

A

1st stage = 2 ATP produced
2nd stage = NO ATP produced

63
Q

word equation for fermentation in animals:

A

GLUCOSE —> LACTIC ACID + ENERGY

64
Q

word equation for fermentation in plants and microorganisms:

A

GLUCOSE + CARBON DIOXIDE + ETHANOL + ENERGY

biology (2 decks)

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