Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 2200 > unit 1 > Flashcards

unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is evolution?

A

descent with modification

change in genetic composition of a pop from gen to gen

change in heritable traits of a pop from gen to gen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is natural selection?

A

Many offspring are produced, not all survive

Traits vary among individuals within a pop and may be heritable

Some heritable traits give individuals an advantage in their env

Advantageous traits, conferring higher fitness, become more common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Aristotle

A

Scale of nature arranges species in order of lower to higher complexity

Describes species as fixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

James Hutton

A

Earth is old and is shaped by small, slow changes

Gradualism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Thomas Robert Malthus

A

Human pop growth is limited by resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A

Species drive towards increased complexity

Traits that are used improve and are inherited by offspring
Proposes organisms change due to environment

Ex: giraffe wants more food so stretches its neck to be longer, then giraffe’s baby inherits long neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

Fossils exist as evidence of extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Processes that shape the earth have been uniform over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Observations of geology, fossils, plants, and animals led Darwin to think about how species arise

Voyage of the Beagle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

On the Origin of Species

A

Descent with modification

Species diversity due to branching from common ancestor in response to env

Describes NS as mechanism for evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the principles of natural selection?

A

Many offspring are produced, not all survive

Traits vary among individuals within a pop and may be heritable

Some heritable traits give individuals an advantage in their env

Advantageous traits, conferring higher fitness, become more common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

homology

A

similarity due to ancestry

can be anatomical or molecular; form and func may be very different

suggest descent with modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

convergence

A

similarity of form/func due to similar envs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

a genotype that produces different phenotypes in response to the env

the phenotype that results from plasticity is not heritable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

population

A

group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, leaving viable offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

alleles

A

different variants of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

gene pool

A

all copies of all alleles at every locus in all members of the pop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

evolution

A

change in the gene frequencies of a pop from gen to gen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

If alleles are transmitted by meiosis and random mating, frequencies do not change over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equations and values

A

p: frequency of alleles A1
q: frequency of alleles A2

p + q = 1
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Assumptions of HW equil

A
  1. selection
  2. no mutation
  3. no migration
  4. large pop
  5. random mating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

genetic drift

A

change in allele frequency due to chance

has larger effect on smaller pops

23
Q

bottleneck effect

A

something like a natural disaster cause a decrease in population and only a few different phenotypes are most popular when the pop increases

24
Q

founder effect

A

small number of individuals establish a new pop

daughter pops have lower genetic diversity than source pops

25
Q

intrasexual selection

A

selection within a sex to compete for mates

26
Q

intersexual selection

A

selection by one sex for mates; mate choice

27
Q

balancing selection

A

maintains multiple forms of alleles

28
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

heterozygotes have greater fitness than either homozygote

29
Q

frequency-dependent selection

A

fitness depends on how common the phenotype is in the pop

30
Q

constraints of evolution

A

laws of physics

sources of genetic variation

adaptation is opportunistic

trade-offs

environmental change

31
Q

species

A

groups of actually or potentially interbreeding pops, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups

32
Q

what are some difficulties in defining species?

A

Local variation
Asexual reproducers
Hybrids

33
Q

habitat isolation

A

species mate in different places

34
Q

temporal isolation

A

species mate at different times

35
Q

behavioral isolation

A

unique behaviors attract different species

36
Q

mechanical isolation

A

morphological differences prevent mating

37
Q

gametic isolation

A

sperm cannot fertilize eggs

38
Q

reduced hybrid viability

A

hybrids do not live to maturity

39
Q

reduced hybrid fertility

A

hybrids do not produce viable offspring

40
Q

hybrid breakdown

A

offspring viability is reduced after several gens

41
Q

allopatric speciation

A

Species are geographically divided, leading to selection and/or genetic drift in the divided pops

42
Q

sympatric speciation

A

Polymorphism appears in a pop that members of the pop find attractive, leading to more appearance of the trait; sexual selection, habitat differentiation

43
Q

autoploidy sympatric speciation

A

Cell division error within a species leads to increase in chromosome number

In a diploid, error leads to diploid gametes and tetraploid species

New species likely established through self-fertilization

44
Q

alloploidy sympatric speciation

A

Hybridization between species, chromosomes cannot pair up

Error doubles chromosomes, hybrids can now interbreed

New species likely established through self-fertilization

45
Q

adaptation

A

natural selection in response to env leads to increased frequency of phenotype in the pop over time

46
Q

local adaptation

A

species exhibit phenotypes that differ due to local conditions

could lead to speciation over time

47
Q

acclimation

A

physiological response to env lead to change in individual phenotype during a single gen

48
Q

hybridization

A

when reproductive isolation between two species breaks down

49
Q

reinforcement

A

hybrids less fit

Individuals that hybridize have fewer offspring

Reproductive isolation increases

50
Q

fusion

A

hybrids more fit

Individuals that hybridize have an equal number or more offspring

Reproductive isolation decreases

51
Q

what is speciation the result of?

A

reproductive isolation

52
Q

what reduces reproductive isolation?

A

gene flow

53
Q

evolutionary processes that lead to reproductive isolation

A

natural selection
genetic drift
mutation

54
Q
A

BIOL 2200 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions