Unit 1 Flashcards
Elizabethan Age
The Elizabethan era is the epoch in the Tudor period of the history of England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603).
Mannerism
Mannerism encompasses a variety of approaches influenced by, and reacting to, the harmonious ideals associated with artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Vasari,and early Michelangelo. Where High Renaissance art emphasizes proportion, balance, and ideal beauty, Mannerism exaggerates such qualities, often resulting in compositions that are asymmetrical or unnaturally elegant.
Manorialism
The manor system; feudalism
Michelangelo Buonarroti
David; the last judgement, Sistine chapel. Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, of the High Renaissance.
Boccaccio
Giovanni Boccaccio was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist.
Leon Battista Alberti
Leon Battista Alberti was an Italian Renaissance humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer; he epitomised the nature of those identified now as polymaths. He is considered the founder of Western cryptography.
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More became an important statesman and scholar. He was also one of the most eminent humanists of the Renaissance. More is noted for coining the word “Utopia,” in reference to an ideal political system in which policies are governed by reason. He was canonized by the Catholic Church as a saint in 1935, and has been commemorated by the Church of England as a “Reformation martyr.”
Usury
By the 12th century, laws against charging interest were enforced by the Church.
Albrecht Dürer
Painter of German Renaissance
Donatello
Sculptor of the Italian renaissance
Filippo Brunelleschi
Renaissance architect. Dome of Duomo in Florence.
Fuggers
German influential Banking family. German equivalent of the Medicis
Marsiglio Finicio
Ficino is considered the most important advocate of Platonism in the Renaissance, and his philosophical writings and translations are thought to have made a significant contribution to the development of early modern philosophies.
Pico Della Mirandola
Pico della Mirandola was one of the first to resurrect the humanism of ancient Greek philosophy. He also believed that every religion shares some elements of truth, and set out to create a synthesis of several great religions and major philosophies including those of Plato and Aristotle.
Viceroyalty system
a local, political, social, and administrative institution, created by the Spanish monarchy in the sixteenth century, for ruling its overseas territories.
Henry the Navigator
a central figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire and in the 15th-century European maritime discoveries and maritime expansion. Through his administrative direction, he is regarded as the main initiator of what would be known as the Age of Discovery.
John Cabot
John Cabot was an Italian navigator and explorer. His 1497 voyage to the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII, King of England is the earliest known European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century.
Sir Francis Drake
First English circumnavigation of the world.
Sir Thomas More
Thomas More served as a well-known humanist during the Renaissance period. His most notable work of humanism, Utopia. Was chancellor of England and disagreed with both the Protestant Reformation and Henry III Divorce.
Cardinal Richelieu
Consecrated a bishop in 1607, Richelieu was appointed Foreign Secretary in 1616. He continued to rise through the hierarchy of both the Catholic Church and the French government, becoming a cardinal in 1622 and chief minister to King Louis XIII of France in 1624.
Philip Il of Spain
Spanish king during Dutch revolt “80 years war” The son of Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal; inherited both empires. Under Philip II, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, sometimes called the Spanish Golden Age, and ruled territories in every continent then known to Europeans. Philip led a highly debt-leveraged regime. This policy was partly the cause of the declaration of independence that created the Dutch Republic in 1581.
Concordat of Bologna
Agreement between King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X.
The Concordat permitted the Pope to collect all the income that the Catholic Church made in France, while the King of France was confirmed in his right to tithe the clerics[5] and to restrict their right of appeal to Rome.
Francis I
A prodigious patron of the arts, he promoted the emergent French Renaissance by attracting many Italian artists to work for him, including Leonardo da Vinci, who brought the Mona Lisa, which Francis had acquired. Francis’ reign saw important cultural changes with the growth of central power in France, the spread of humanism and Protestantism, and the beginning of French exploration of the New World. Jacques Cartier and others claimed lands in the Americas for France and paved the way for the expansion of the first French colonial empire.
Henry Il
Made legal reforms and is seen as founder of English Common Law
Cavaliers
Royalist who supported Charles the first under divine right rule
Roundheads
Roundheads were the supporters of the Parliament of England during the English Civil War (1642–1651). Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I of England
Discourse on Method
Rene Descartes -one of the most influential works in the history of modern philosophy, and important to the development of natural sciences.
Madame Geoffrin
French salon holder who was one of the leading female figures of the French enlightenment.
Physiocrats
an economic theory which states that the wealth of nations is derived solely from the value of “land agriculture” or “land development” and that agricultural products. It was developed by a group of French thinkers during the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century.
François Quesnay
French Economist. François Quesnay was the leading figure of the Physiocrats, generally considered to be the first school of economic thinking.
Nine Years’ War
The Nine Years’ War, was a European great power conflict from 1688 to 1697 between France and the Grand Alliance. Although largely concentrated in Europe, fighting spread to colonial possessions in the Americas, India, and West Africa. Related conflicts include the Williamite war in Ireland, and King William’s War in North America. British soldiers joined a European alliance against French expansionism
Joseph II
Son of Maria Theresa. Joseph was a proponent of enlightened absolutism; however, his commitment to secularizing, liberalizing and modernizing reforms resulted in significant opposition, which resulted in failure to fully implement his programs. Meanwhile, territorial gains, his reckless foreign policy badly isolated Austria. He has been ranked with Catherine the Great of Russia and Frederick the Great of Prussia as one of the three great Enlightenment monarchs.
Frederick William I
Frederick was a supporter of enlightened absolutism, stating that the ruler should be the first servant of the state. He modernised the Prussian bureaucracy and civil service, and pursued religious policies throughout his realm that ranged from tolerance to segregation.
He focused on state development and financial reorganization, imposing taxes and stringent regulations on public servants. He made efforts to reduce crime and centralized his authority.
Ancien Régime
The ancien régime, or “old order,” refers to the social and political order that existed in France from the late Middle Ages until the French Revolution. Under this system, all men were subjects of the king of France. National citizenship did not exist in France. Feudal type system. Broken after 1970.
Declaration of Pilinitz
The Declaration of Pillnitz was a joint statement issued on 27 August 1791 by Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor and King Frederick William II of Prussia The declaration appealed to all European powers to unite against the French Revolution (1789-99) and restore King Louis XVI of France
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
a law passed on 12 July 1790 during the French Revolution, that caused the immediate subordination of the Catholic Church in France to the French government.
Concordat of 1801
(By Napoleon) It sought national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics and solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France, with most of its civil status restored. This resolved the hostility of devout French Catholics against the revolutionary state. Gabe back some Church land.
Bourbons
Louis XVI, Louis XVIII, and Charles X all served as constitutional monarchs.
Jean Paul Marat
Jean-Paul Marat was a French political theorist, physician, and scientist. A journalist and politician during the French Revolution, he was a vigorous defender of the sans-culottes, a radical voice, and published his views in pamphlets, placards and newspapers.
Georges Danton
French Revolutionary leader and orator, often credited as the chief force in the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the First French Republic. Became first president of the Committee of Public Safety
Girondins
Part of the Jacobin movement. In the ensuing struggles the Girondins were characterized by political views that stopped short of economic and social equality, by economic liberalism that rejected government control of trade or prices, and, most clearly, by their reliance on the départements as a counterbalance to Paris.
Thomas Malthus
English economist and demographer best known for his theory that population growth will always tend to outrun the food supply and that betterment of humankind is impossible without strict limits on reproduction
David Ricardo
He developed the comparative advantage theory, labor theory of value, and the theory of rents, which have founded other schools of thought and form the basis of current economic policies and decisions
Comte de
Saint-Simon
French social theorist and one of the chief founders of Christian socialism. In his major work, Nouveau Christianisme (1825), he proclaimed a brotherhood of man that must accompany the scientific organization of industry and society.
Class consciousness
According to Marxist theory, class consciousness is an awareness of one’s social and/or economic class relative to others, as well as an understanding of the economic rank of the class to which you belong in the context of the larger society
James Watt
James Watt is chiefly known for inventing different types of steam engine that helped start the Industrial Revolution.
Congress of Berlin
was a diplomatic conference to reorganise the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War
Peter Stolypin
Stolypin was a Russian statesman who served as the third prime minister and the interior minister of the Russian Empire from 1906 until his assassination in 1911. Known as the greatest reformer of Russian society and economy, his reforms caused unprecedented growth of the Russian state, which was halted by his assassination.
Meiji Restoration
Political transformation that allowed Japan to develop into a modern industrial nation-state that rivaled European nations in both military and economic power.
Max Planck
Max Planck initiated the study of quantum mechanics
Georges Sorel
A revisionist interpretation of Marxism, Sorel believed that the victory of the proletariat in class struggle could be achieved only through the power of myth and a general strike. To Sorel, the aftermath of class conflict would involve rejuvenation of both the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
Henri Bergson
his arguments that processes of immediate experience and intuition are more significant than abstract rationalism and science for understanding reality.
Great Reform Bill
Franchise in Britain was extended
Polish rebellion
two major rebellions in the 19th century by Poland against Russian rule. They aimed to restore Polish sovereignty from the Russian Empire.
Decembrist Revolt in
Russia
a group of members of the Russian military who sought to stage a revolt against the newly named Tsar Nicholas I of the Russia in favor of a constitutional monarchy. The revolt was quickly broken by the tsar’s troops, and most of the leaders were executed or exiled.
July Revolution in France
insurrection that brought Louis-Philippe to the throne of France. Due to Charles X conservative policies
Carlsbad Decrees/Diet
German. established a police-state regime of surveillance and repression, designed to keep a tight lid on any opposition activity.
Prague Conference
The Prague Conference, officially the 6th All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, was held in Prague, Austria-Hungary, January 1912.
Pan-Slavic Movement
the political ideology concerned with promoting integrity and unity for the Slavic people. Its main impact occurred in the Balkans, where non-Slavic empires had ruled the South Slavs for centuries.
Surplus capital
the excess remaining after common stock is sold for more than its par value
French-Algerian War
The Algerian War (also known as the Algerian Revolution or the Algerian War of Independence was a major armed conflict between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria winning its independence from France.
Ghandi
Gandhi is most famous for his philosophy of nonviolence that has inspired civil rights leaders around the world. Anti-colonist
Algeciras Conference
regulated French and Spanish intervention in Moroccan internal affairs and reaffirmed the authority of the sultan.
Balkan Wars
• Balkan Crisis
The Balkan Wars were a series of two conflicts fought in the Balkan Peninsula in 1912 and 1913. In the first Balkan War the four Balkan states of Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro attacked and overpowered the Ottoman Empire. As a result, the Ottoman Empire lost a bulk of its European territory.
Moroccan Crisis
Germany wanted to challenge France’s growing control over Morocco, aggravating France and Great Britain. The crisis was resolved by the Algeciras Conference of 1906, a conference of mostly European countries that affirmed French control; this worsened German relations with both France and Britain
Schlieffen Plan
WW1 - The Schlieffen Plan established that, in case of the outbreak of war, Germany would attack France first and then Russia.
Gallipoli Campaign
a military campaign in the First World War on the Gallipoli peninsula (now Gelibolu). The Entente powers, Britain, France and the Russian Empire, sought to weaken the Ottoman Empire, one of the Central Powers, by taking control of the Ottoman straits.
Command economy
an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government.
Walter Rathenau
a German industrialist, writer and politician who served as foreign minister of Germany from February to June 1922. Helped form German Democratic Party during Weimar Republic
Alexander III
emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894, an opponent of representative government, and a supporter of Russian nationalism. Exiled and executed many revolutionaries
October Manifesto
Nicholas issued the October Manifesto, which promised to guarantee civil liberties (e.g., freedom of speech, press, and assembly), to establish a broad franchise, and to create a legislative body (the Duma) whose members would be popularly elected and whose approval would be necessary before the enactment of laws/taxes
Bloody Sunday
over one hundred thousand demonstrators marched peacefully to the Winter Palace to present the Czar with a list of complaints concerning working conditions in the factories. When the Czar failed to appear, tension mounted. In a moment of panic, soldiers opened fire on the crowd. Inspired Russian Revolution of 1905
Rasputin
Siberian Peasant. He is best known for having befriended the imperial family of Nicholas II, the last Emperor of Russia, through whom he gained considerable influence in the final years of the Russian Empire.
March Revolution
the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917, in which the monarchy was overthrown and replaced by the Provisional Government.
Czar Nicholas II
the last reigning Emperor of Russia. Abdicated and was executed. Last reigning Romanov
Alexander Kerensky
He instituted basic civil liberties—e.g., the freedoms of speech, press, assembly, and religion; universal suffrage; and equal rights for women—throughout Russia and became one of the most widely known and popular figures among the revolutionary leadership
Stream of
consciousness
a literary style in which a character’s thoughts, feelings, and reactions are depicted in a continuous flow uninterrupted by objective description or conventional dialogue. James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and Marcel Proust are among its notable early exponents.
James Joyce
Irish novelist and literary critic who contributed to the modernist movement.
Jean-Paul Sartre
Existentialism. Jean-Paul Sartre was a French novelist, playwright, and philosopher. A leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy, he was an exponent of a philosophy of existence known as existentialism
Weimar Constitution
The Constitution of the German Reich, usually known as the Weimar Constitution, was the constitution that governed Germany during the Weimar Republic era (1919–1933).
Erich Remarque
German-born novelist. Many of Erich Maria Remarque’s works captured the horrors of war; later writing would also seek to confront the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis.
Virginia Woolf
Adeline Virginia Woolf was an English writer. She is considered one of the most important modernist 20th-century authors. Used Stream of Consciousness
Werner Heisenberg
Heisenberg is best known for his uncertainty principle and theory of quantum mechanics based on matrices. Uncertainty of the behavior of electrons.
Atlantic Charter
By FDR. publicly affirmed the sense of solidarity between the U.S. and Great Britain against Axis aggression.
