Unit 1 Flashcards
What is life?
Living things are composed of cells, have different levels of organization, they use energy, respond to their environment, grow, reproduce and adapt to their environment.
8 characteristics of living: cellular organization, reproduction metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, responds to stimuli, growth and development, and adaptation through evolution
3 Scientists discoveries in spontaneous generation
- Aristotle → his belief was that living organisms could come from non-living things. Ex) decaying meat became maggots
- Francesco Redi → He was an Italian physician who tried to prove that maggots come from files and not decaying meat
- Louis Pasteur → He opposed the idea of spontaneous generation. He believed micro-organisms come from cells called spores. He tested his hypothesis through the use of an infusion of nutrients in a swan necked flask
Biogenesis
The theory of biogenesis states that all organisms are produced from other organisms
3 Abiogenesis
- Miller + Urey - This experiment was one of the first to prove it was possible to generate organic compound’s from inorganic sources. Can create organic compounds when energy is added
- Margulis - Discovered that some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as bacteria (ENDOSYMBIOSIS)
- Endosymbiosis - a symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside the other. Refers to the original internalization of prokaryotes by an ancestral eukaryotic cell, resulting in the formation of the mitochondria and chloroplasts
3 parts of the cell theory
- All living things are made up of cells
- unicellular → composed of one cell only
- multicellular→ composed of many cell that may organize into tissues → organs →organ systems - Cells are the basic unit of life
→ smallest part of an organism that is capable of all life’s processes
→ make up all living things (Anamalia, Plantae, Protista, etc.) - All cells come from other cells
→ similar to biogenesis and the idea that all living things come from something else living
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
- Prokaryotic → They do not contain a nucleus, they do not have a membrane bound organelles, cell division is done through binary fission, they are unicellular, they contain cell walls made of peptidoglycan. Organisms with this type of cell are bacteria
- Eukaryotic → They contain a nucleus, they contain membrane bound organelles, cell division is done through mitosis, they can be uni or multicellular. Only fungi plants have cell walls, which are made up of chitin or cellulose
Ex) animals, plants, fungi, und protists
Phospholipid Bilayer
It is a special type of organic molecule. It has a head where the phosphate groups and a tail where the fatty acid chain is. The head is hydrophilic and the tail is hydrophobic. Bilayer is composed of two phospholipids that line up tail to tail. Proteins allow certain things to pass through the cell membrane
3 Parts of the Cell Wall
- Bacteria → The cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan
- Fungi → The cell walls are made up of chitin
- Algae → Typically has cell walls made of glycoproteins & polysaccharides
What is the Cell Wall?
The cell wall is the protective semipermeable outer layer of certain organisms. It’s main function is to give the cell strength and structure, and to filter molecules that passing and out of the cells
2 Types of Transport
→ Passive Transport: Does not require energy - from high to low concentration
* Diffusion - movement from high to low concentration gradient
* Osmosis - movement of H20 from high to tow concentration gradient
→ Active Transport: Requires ATP energy - from low to high concentration
* Exocytosis - exiting the cell
* Endocytosis - entering the cell; Pinocytosis-liquids, Phagoctosis-solid
Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis
6C02 + 6H20 → C6H12O6 + 6O2
3 Parts of the Chloroplast
- Stroma - Aqueous substance/surrounding thylakoids containing enzymes for the dark reaction / Calvin Cycle
- Thylakoids - Structure containing chlorophyll pigments and enzymes for light reactions (looks like stack’s of coins)
- Grana - a singular stack of thylakoids
Process of Light Dependent Reaction
Takes place in the thylakoid, requires light energy, chlorophyll absorbs light energy, energy is transferred to photons and they get excited. Reaction starts in PSII, H2O splits apart, energy moves down the ETC through the cytochrome complex. Moves to PSI and photons re-excite electrons. ATP synthase occurs using the extra hydrogens to create ATP energy. NADPH is also created.
Process of Calvin Cycle
- 3 Steps:
- Fixation - 3xCO2 react RuBisCo catalyst with 3xRuBP = 6x 3PGA
- Reduction - 6x 3PGA use 6xATP & 6xNADPH =6xG3P
- 1xG3P become sugar/starch; 5xG3P use 3ATP = 3RuBP
- Repeats all again*
How are the 2 reaction related? (Light & Calvin)
The light reaction is the initial stage of photosythesis, which traps light energy to produce ATP + NADPH. Where as the dark reaction is the second step of photosynthesis which utilizes the energy from ATP + NADPH to produce glucose
What is ATP?
Adenosine TripPhosphate
Glycolysis
Process of breaking down glucose, occurs in the cytoplasm, breaks it down into smaller pieces, releases energy used for phosphorylation, produces 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate’s
Aerobic Respiration
Uses oxygen to burn glucose, occurs in the mitochondria, products from Krebs cycle go onto the ETC where the bonds are broken and 34 ATP is produced + water
Anaerobic Respiration
Does not use oxygen, occurs in the
cytoplasm. In animals, lactic acid is created, and in plants alcohol is created (plant process is called fermentation)
3 Movement’s of Cells
- Cilia - short, hair like structures that surround certain cells. The cell sways back and forth to create movement
- Flagella - similar structure to cilia, but tend to be longer and not in as great numbers. ATP used to whip the tail
- Pseudopods - when the cell sends out an extension of its cell membrane and cytoplasm, then drags the rest of the cell towards it. Used as part of endocytosis
What is Phagocytosis?
Bringing things into the cell, when food particles is brought in it can be digested by enzymes in lysosomes
What is Extra Cellular Digestion?
They secrete the digestive enzymes outside themselves and then absorb the nutrients. After the organism secretes the d.e. the food particles are then taken in by diffusion, active transport, or phagocytosis
Interactions with other Organisms
- Mutualism - both organisms benefit
- Commensalism - one benefits and one is unaffected
- Parasitism- one benefits, and one is harmed
- Amenalism - one Is harmed/destroyed, the other is unaffected
Extremophiles
- Metallotolerant - can survive in high concentration with heavy metals
- Cryophile -capable of growth and reproduction and live in cold temp.
- Xerophile - can survive in low or no water environments
- Acidophil -Thrive under highly acidic conditions (PH under 3)
- Halophile - can survive in high salt concentrations
History of Classification
- Aristotle - introduced two key concepts of taxonomy, and
classification of organisms by type and binomial definition - Linnaeus - His system introduced the overall framework of classification that organize all animals and plants from the level of kingdoms all the way down to species. He was the first to combine a hierarchal system of classification from kingdom to species with the method of binomial
nomenclature, using it to consistently
identify every species
7 Levels of Modern Classification
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
King Philip Can Only Find Green Socks
All levels have similar rules, just gets more specific in each level
Binomial Nomenclature
→ First developed by Linnaeus
→ Given a two word name consisting of the genus and species
→ Method used to name all organisms
3 Domains
- Archea - They are prokaryotic cells, have the ability to with stand extreme temperature and highly acidic conditions (extremophile)
- Bacteria - Prokaryotic cells, but membranes are different, great deal of diversity, almost impossible to determine how many different species of bacteria there are on the planet
- Eukarya -Eukaryotic cells, similar membranes to bacteria, four Kingdoms fit into this domain
5 Kingdoms
- Eukarya
→ Anamalia - cells are eukaryotic, multicellular, has no cell wells, they are heterotrophs,use sexual reproduction, over 1.3 million species
Ex) cat, butterfly, whale, swan
→ Plantae- cells are eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls made of
cellulose, autotrophs, asexual & sexual reproduction
Ex) moss, green algae, fern, sunflower
→ Fungi - cells are eukaryotic, unicellular, cell walls that contain
chitin, heterotrophs, asexual reproduction
Ex) mushroom, mold, cup fungi, bread mold
→ Protista - cells are eukaryotic, multicellular + unicellular, mainly have no cell wall, sometimes do, heterotroph or autotroph, asexual reproduction
Ex) ameba, red algae, dicitoms, kelp
→ Monera - splits into bacteria and archea
- Eubacteria: prokaryotic, unicellular, cell walls with peptigdyglacan, mostly heterotrophs, some autotrophs, asexual reproduction
Ex) salmonella, E.coli, streptococcus
- Archaebacteria: prokaryotic, unicellular, cell walls with
polysaccharides, heterotroph or autotroph, asexual reproduction
Ex) halophiles, methanogens, thermoacidophiles
How to read/draw a Cladogram
Start by drawing a large diagonal line, then start with the character that is shared by all the taxa, then keep moving up the line doing the same process. Each time you move
up the characteristics get more specific and apply to the
character and the ones above it. Sometimes if there are more
than one character that match the characteristic, they branch
straight up and keep getting more specific
How to read/draw a Dichotomus Key
The purpose of a dichotomus key is to help identify living and
non living things, and naming a species based on the different traits that they have. It is a list of questions or a flow chart that starts with two traits with a yes or no answer, and it slowly breaks it down to more specific traits until the species is named and identified
Maintaining Homeostasis in Animals
→ Innate Behaviour - behaviours you’re born with; genetically
determined and encoded within DNA
* Taxis - not immediate, more gradual; directional movement
responses; can be positive or negative (positive chemotaxis,
negative chemotaxis)
* Kinesis - non directional movement responses; movement
in particular direction; increased rate of movement under unfavourable conditions
* Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) - set of responses to non-immediate
stimulus; follows same set of rules
→ Learned Behaviour- determined by genetic makeup and interactions/influence of the environment. Learned through
conditioning, imprinting, habituation. Not passed down genetically, may be taught to offspring
Maintaining Homeostasis in Plants
→ Phototropism - involves the bending of stems and other plant
parts towards sources of light, generally the sun. Plants grow taller when near others, as they compete get more light
→ Gravitropism - when a plant tips over, the shoot will bend and grow upwards. Gravity is perceived by the cells, and signals form, elongation occurs and plant grows upwards
→ Thigmotropism - response of a plant or plant part with the touch of an object, plant, animals, and maybe wind tendril will curl around an object sometimes in 3 to 10 minutes
→ Auxin - increases plasticity in plant cell walls, can enlarge in response to changes. Allows for the plant to bend towards the light. It’s fully covered from light, the plant will not bend or move
→ Cytokinins - naturally occurring growth hormones in plants. Stimulates cell division and differentiation in plants. They increase cell expansion during the expansion stages of leaf cell development
→ Gibberellins - a group of plant hormones that occur in seeds, young leaves, and roots. Plays a crucial role in stem growth and can restore growth in plants. Stimulates the production of specific enzymes needed for food
Defence Responses in Tobacco Plants
Defence against predators using a few different defence mechanisms. It releases nicotine which poisons almost every predator, it’s leaves releases a scent for an SOS which calls on predators, and it lets out a sweet trichrome that caterpillars will eat, which causes a sent that attracts predators
Specific Defence & Non-Specific Defence
The difference between the two is that nonspecific protective mechanisms attack all invaders equally, while specific responses are tailored to particularly types of invaders
Non-specific - Phagocytes
Specific - T cells & B cells
Immunological Memory
It’s the ability to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously. Plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates have this, innate immune cells do not
Complement
It’s a system that helps boost the power of the immune system. It’s not found in most invertebrates, but many arthropods have it
Pathogens
When plants are attacked by a pathogen they die to prevent the spread of the pathogen to the rest of the plant
Sexual & Asexual Reproduction
- Sexual - requires a male and a female, combine gametes into one cell, process is called fertilization. One advantage is that it improves the chances of having offspring that will survive in various unpredictable environments. A disadvantage is that it takes more time and energy to find a mate and reproduce
- Asexual - the production of an individual from a single organism. Single parent cells doubles its DNA, cells divides into two cells. An advantage is that it only needs one parent that requires less time energy, population can increase rapidly. A disadvantage is the lack of diversity, can be identical to parent, become more susceptible to diseases the parent had
