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unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is growth?

A

an increase in a measurable quality ie height or weight

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2
Q

what is development?

A

the acquisition of skills and capabilities that an individual experiences as they grow

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3
Q

what are the principles of growth?

A

describes an increase in quantity
is continuous but rate is not smooth
difference in growth rates in boys and girls

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4
Q

what are the different life stages?

A

infancy: 0 - 2 years
early childhood 3 - 8 years
adolescence: 9 - 18 years
early adulthood: 19 - 45 years
middle adulthood: 46 - 65 years
later adulthood: 65+ years

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5
Q

what does PIES stand for?

A

Physical
Intellectual
Emotional
Social

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6
Q

what are fine motor skills?

A

smaller movements that require precision and dexterity
ie holding a pencil

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7
Q

what are gross motor skills?

A

larger movements that require the use of the torso/limbs
ie running

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8
Q

what are the types of grip and when do they develop?

A

palm grasp - around 5 months
pincer grip - around 10 months
tripod grip - around 5 years

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9
Q

P: what happens from infancy to childhood?

A

fine motor skills develop and then become refined
hand + eye coordination improves and becomes more accurate
refine gross motor skills to be coordinated
able to operate more independently (ie feeding, dressing)

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10
Q

what are primary sexual characteristics?

A

present at birth
develop in puberty
involved in reproduction

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11
Q

what are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

develop in puberty
not involved in reproduction

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12
Q

what are primary sexual characteristics in females?

A

uterus enlarges and vagina lengthens
ovaries begin to release eggs
menstrual cycle commences

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13
Q

what are primary sexual characteristics in men?

A

penis and testicles enlarges
spontaneous erections
testicles begin to produce sperm

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14
Q

what are secondary sexual characteristics in females?

A

redistribution of body fat causing hips to widen
breasts develop and areola swells and darkens
hair grows in armpits and pubic area

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15
Q

what are secondary sexual characteristics in males?

A

redistribution of muscle and fat
changes in larynx (causes voice to deepen)
hair grows in armpits and pubic area

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16
Q

what are the main female hormones?

A

oestrogen
progesterone

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17
Q

what are the main male hormones?

A

testosterone

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18
Q

what do oestrogen and progesterone do?

A

ovulation
menstruation
(indicates the onset of fertility)

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19
Q

what does testosterone do?

A

stimulates sperm production
responsible for secondary sexual characteristics

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20
Q

P: what happens in early adulthood (19 - 45 years)?

A

physically at peak (around 28 years)
ability to fall pregnant and lactate
women may experience perimenopause towards end of stage

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21
Q

what is perimenopause?

A

natural process
ovaries begin to gradually stop producing eggs
menstrual cycle begins to slow down and stop
oestrogen to slow production
menstrual cycle may be erratic
not all women experience perimenopause

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22
Q

symptoms of perimenopause

A

irregular/skipping periods
periods that are heavier/lighter
hot flushes
vaginal dryness and discomfort during intercourse
urinary urgency

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23
Q

when does menopause happen?

A

middle adulthood (45 - 65 years)

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24
Q

what is menopause?

A

ovaries stop producing oestrogen
menstrual cycle stops
causes fertility to stop

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25
symptoms of menopause
irregular/no periods vaginal dryness and pain during intercourse hot flushes chills night sweats sleep problems mood changes extreme fatigue reduced sex drive
26
what gross motor skills should children reach in infancy?
roll over (6 months) sit up (9 months) crawling (9 months) stand up (12 months) cruising (12 months) walking (18 months)
27
what fine motor skills should children learn in infancy?
grasp toy in one hand (4 months) use pincer grip to pick up string (12 months) turn the page of a book (18 months) stack blocks (18 months)
28
what gross motor skills should be learned in early childhood?
riding a tricycle (3 years) throw, catch, and kick a ball (4 years) running forwards and backwards (5 years) hopping on one foot (5 years) hops and skips using alternate feet (6 to 7 years)
29
what fine motor skills should be learned in early childhood?
turns pages of a book with precision (5 years) writes own name (5 years) buttons and unbuttons clothing (5 to 6 years) ties shoelaces (6 to 7 years) writes using joined up writing (7 years)
30
what impact does menopause have on other areas of development?
strained relationships lower self-esteem loss of identity personality challenges mood swings more impulsive addiction/mental health issues
31
P: what happens in later adulthood (65+ years)?
mobility weakens - brittle/weak bones, weaker joints thinner skin development of serious long-term health conditions loss of senses organs deteriorate hair loss/loss of pigmentation
32
what are the five newborn reflexes?
sucking babinski reflex grasping reflex moro reflex rooting
33
newborn reflexes: sucking
involuntary at first will gradually gain control over sucking during first year
34
newborn reflexes: babinski reflex
occurs when bottom of babies’ foot is stroked toes fan out then curl
35
newborn reflexes: grasping reflex
occurs when pressure is placed on baby’s hand, causes baby to grasp fingers
36
newborn reflexes: moro reflex
occurs when startled or dropped, baby’s arms fling outward and inward
37
newborn reflexes: rooting
touching baby’s cheek causes them to turn head and open mouth in preparation for nursing
38
what are the names of the stages in piaget’s stages of development?
sensorimotor pre-operational concrete operations formal operations
39
piaget’s stages: sensorimotor
0 to 2 years use senses to explore develop object permanence at the end of stage (ie peekaboo)
40
piaget’s stages: pre-operational
2 to 7 years control environment by using symbolic behaviour engage in pretend play as imagination develops (ie small world play) egocentric unable to conserve at beginning but understand conservation by end of stage
41
piaget’s stages: concrete operations
7 to 11 years use practical resources attach concepts to concrete situations time, space, quantity are understood need help working out problems so use counters no longer egocentric begin to apply logic
42
piaget’s stages: formal operations
11 to 18 years apply abstract thought, rationalise, and problem solve can strategise and plan can empathise can understand consequences
43
criticisms of piaget
used his own children dismisses children who have learning difficulties dismissed that some children develop faster
44
opposing theories of piaget
vygotsky - proposed that scaffolding could help children develop
45
piaget’s schematic theory key words
equilibrium assimilation disequilibrium accommodation
46
what is disequilibrium?
child is confused and unaware of object/situation have no schema for situation
47
what is accommodation?
will study object and accommodate new info will find differences (ie have schema for cat not dog, find that dog barks)
48
what is equilibrium?
next time child sees situation, they have pre-existing schema
49
what is assimilation?
accessing pre-existing matching similarities
50
piaget’s schematic theory
behaviour is based on experience believes that children have to experience new situations to develop new schemas argument for income impacting development, can’t afford to experience situation, no schema
51
bowlby’s attachment theory
most important lifestage is infancy need to have formed attachments in infancy to form attachments in later life monotropy separation anxiety pos - shows secure attachment attachment is innate
52
bowlby’s attachment theory: importance of attachment in infancy
children who form secure attachments grow up to be resilient, trusting, willing to form relationships
53
disruptions to attachment
post-natal depression siblings separation premature births
54
criticisms of bowlby
schaffer and emerson: believed that by 10 months old, can form multiple attachments believed attachment is based on time/comfort - other research differs children in foster care form secure attachments in future
55
ainsworth’s strange situation
securely attached children get upset when parents leave room (separation anxiety) anxious avoidant children won’t react anxious resistant children will become angry/frustrated
56
bandura’s social learning theory
learning through imitation Bobo doll experiment vicarious reinforcement - ie when a person sees another person be rewarded for something, they replicate that behaviour because they want a reward
57
bandura’s mediational processes
**A**ttention - see how behaviour happens **R**etention - ability to retain it **R**eproduction - need to have skills to reproduce **M**otivation - have to want to do it
58
criticisms of bandura
ignores genetics - XYY - males born with extra Y chromosome are more aggressive - not a learned behaviour children who witness DV don’t all grow up to be aggressive bobo doll was inappropriate - used to knock over and come back small sample size
59
gesell’s maturation theory
nativist development occurs before birth development is pre-programmed and innate development is sequential but happens at different rates any delay in development caused by genetics/hereditary factors inspired milestones
60
criticisms of gesell
bandura & vygotsky only used white british children in his study milestones are too restrictive disregards economy, disability
61

hsc (1 decks)

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