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unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is growth?

A

an increase in a measurable quality ie height or weight

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2
Q

what is development?

A

the acquisition of skills and capabilities that an individual experiences as they grow

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3
Q

what are the principles of growth?

A

describes an increase in quantity
is continuous but rate is not smooth
difference in growth rates in boys and girls

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4
Q

what are the different life stages?

A

infancy: 0 - 2 years
early childhood 3 - 8 years
adolescence: 9 - 18 years
early adulthood: 19 - 45 years
middle adulthood: 46 - 65 years
later adulthood: 65+ years

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5
Q

what does PIES stand for?

A

Physical
Intellectual
Emotional
Social

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6
Q

what are fine motor skills?

A

smaller movements that require precision and dexterity
ie holding a pencil

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7
Q

what are gross motor skills?

A

larger movements that require the use of the torso/limbs
ie running

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8
Q

what are the types of grip and when do they develop?

A

palm grasp - around 5 months
pincer grip - around 10 months
tripod grip - around 5 years

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9
Q

P: what happens from infancy to childhood?

A

fine motor skills develop and then become refined
hand + eye coordination improves and becomes more accurate
refine gross motor skills to be coordinated
able to operate more independently (ie feeding, dressing)

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10
Q

what are primary sexual characteristics?

A

present at birth
develop in puberty
involved in reproduction

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11
Q

what are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

develop in puberty
not involved in reproduction

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12
Q

what are primary sexual characteristics in females?

A

uterus enlarges and vagina lengthens
ovaries begin to release eggs
menstrual cycle commences

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13
Q

what are primary sexual characteristics in men?

A

penis and testicles enlarges
spontaneous erections
testicles begin to produce sperm

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14
Q

what are secondary sexual characteristics in females?

A

redistribution of body fat causing hips to widen
breasts develop and areola swells and darkens
hair grows in armpits and pubic area

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15
Q

what are secondary sexual characteristics in males?

A

redistribution of muscle and fat
changes in larynx (causes voice to deepen)
hair grows in armpits and pubic area

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16
Q

what are the main female hormones?

A

oestrogen
progesterone

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17
Q

what are the main male hormones?

A

testosterone

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18
Q

what do oestrogen and progesterone do?

A

ovulation
menstruation
(indicates the onset of fertility)

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19
Q

what does testosterone do?

A

stimulates sperm production
responsible for secondary sexual characteristics

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20
Q

P: what happens in early adulthood (19 - 45 years)?

A

physically at peak (around 28 years)
ability to fall pregnant and lactate
women may experience perimenopause towards end of stage

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21
Q

what is perimenopause?

A

natural process
ovaries begin to gradually stop producing eggs
menstrual cycle begins to slow down and stop
oestrogen to slow production
menstrual cycle may be erratic
not all women experience perimenopause

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22
Q

symptoms of perimenopause

A

irregular/skipping periods
periods that are heavier/lighter
hot flushes
vaginal dryness and discomfort during intercourse
urinary urgency

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23
Q

when does menopause happen?

A

middle adulthood (45 - 65 years)

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24
Q

what is menopause?

A

ovaries stop producing oestrogen
menstrual cycle stops
causes fertility to stop

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25
Q

symptoms of menopause

A

irregular/no periods
vaginal dryness and pain during intercourse
hot flushes
chills
night sweats
sleep problems
mood changes
extreme fatigue
reduced sex drive

26
Q

what gross motor skills should children reach in infancy?

A

roll over (6 months)
sit up (9 months)
crawling (9 months)
stand up (12 months)
cruising (12 months)
walking (18 months)

27
Q

what fine motor skills should children learn in infancy?

A

grasp toy in one hand (4 months)
use pincer grip to pick up string (12 months)
turn the page of a book (18 months)
stack blocks (18 months)

28
Q

what gross motor skills should be learned in early childhood?

A

riding a tricycle (3 years)
throw, catch, and kick a ball (4 years)
running forwards and backwards (5 years)
hopping on one foot (5 years)
hops and skips using alternate feet (6 to 7 years)

29
Q

what fine motor skills should be learned in early childhood?

A

turns pages of a book with precision (5 years)
writes own name (5 years)
buttons and unbuttons clothing (5 to 6 years)
ties shoelaces (6 to 7 years)
writes using joined up writing (7 years)

30
Q

what impact does menopause have on other areas of development?

A

strained relationships
lower self-esteem
loss of identity
personality challenges
mood swings
more impulsive
addiction/mental health issues

31
Q

P: what happens in later adulthood (65+ years)?

A

mobility weakens - brittle/weak bones, weaker joints
thinner skin
development of serious long-term health conditions
loss of senses
organs deteriorate
hair loss/loss of pigmentation

32
Q

what are the five newborn reflexes?

A

sucking
babinski reflex
grasping reflex
moro reflex
rooting

33
Q

newborn reflexes: sucking

A

involuntary at first
will gradually gain control over sucking during first year

34
Q

newborn reflexes: babinski reflex

A

occurs when bottom of babies’ foot is stroked
toes fan out then curl

35
Q

newborn reflexes: grasping reflex

A

occurs when pressure is placed on baby’s hand, causes baby to grasp fingers

36
Q

newborn reflexes: moro reflex

A

occurs when startled or dropped, baby’s arms fling outward and inward

37
Q

newborn reflexes: rooting

A

touching baby’s cheek causes them to turn head and open mouth in preparation for nursing

38
Q

what are the names of the stages in piaget’s stages of development?

A

sensorimotor
pre-operational
concrete operations
formal operations

39
Q

piaget’s stages: sensorimotor

A

0 to 2 years
use senses to explore
develop object permanence at the end of stage (ie peekaboo)

40
Q

piaget’s stages: pre-operational

A

2 to 7 years
control environment by using symbolic behaviour
engage in pretend play as imagination develops (ie small world play)
egocentric
unable to conserve at beginning but understand conservation by end of stage

41
Q

piaget’s stages: concrete operations

A

7 to 11 years
use practical resources
attach concepts to concrete situations
time, space, quantity are understood
need help working out problems so use counters
no longer egocentric
begin to apply logic

42
Q

piaget’s stages: formal operations

A

11 to 18 years
apply abstract thought, rationalise, and problem solve
can strategise and plan
can empathise
can understand consequences

43
Q

criticisms of piaget

A

used his own children
dismisses children who have learning difficulties
dismissed that some children develop faster

44
Q

opposing theories of piaget

A

vygotsky - proposed that scaffolding could help children develop

45
Q

piaget’s schematic theory key words

A

equilibrium
assimilation
disequilibrium
accommodation

46
Q

what is disequilibrium?

A

child is confused and unaware of object/situation
have no schema for situation

47
Q

what is accommodation?

A

will study object and
accommodate new info
will find differences (ie have schema for cat not dog, find that dog barks)

48
Q

what is equilibrium?

A

next time child sees situation, they have pre-existing schema

49
Q

what is assimilation?

A

accessing pre-existing matching similarities

50
Q

piaget’s schematic theory

A

behaviour is based on experience
believes that children have to experience new situations to develop new schemas argument for income impacting development, can’t afford to experience situation, no schema

51
Q

bowlby’s attachment theory

A

most important lifestage is infancy
need to have formed attachments in infancy to form attachments in later life
monotropy
separation anxiety pos - shows secure attachment
attachment is innate

52
Q

bowlby’s attachment theory: importance of attachment in infancy

A

children who form secure attachments grow up to be resilient, trusting, willing to form relationships

53
Q

disruptions to attachment

A

post-natal depression
siblings
separation
premature births

54
Q

criticisms of bowlby

A

schaffer and emerson: believed that by 10 months old, can form multiple attachments
believed attachment is based on time/comfort - other research differs
children in foster care form secure attachments in future

55
Q

ainsworth’s strange situation

A

securely attached children get upset when parents leave room (separation anxiety)
anxious avoidant children won’t react
anxious resistant children will become angry/frustrated

56
Q

bandura’s social learning theory

A

learning through imitation
Bobo doll experiment
vicarious reinforcement - ie when a person sees another person be rewarded for something, they replicate that behaviour because they want a reward

57
Q

bandura’s mediational processes

A

Attention - see how behaviour happens
Retention - ability to retain it
Reproduction - need to have skills to reproduce
Motivation - have to want to do it

58
Q

criticisms of bandura

A

ignores genetics - XYY - males born with extra Y chromosome are more aggressive - not a learned behaviour
children who witness DV don’t all grow up to be aggressive
bobo doll was inappropriate - used to
knock over and come back
small sample size

59
Q

gesell’s maturation theory

A

nativist
development occurs before birth
development is pre-programmed and innate
development is sequential but happens at different rates
any delay in development caused by genetics/hereditary factors
inspired milestones

60
Q

criticisms of gesell

A

bandura & vygotsky
only used white british children in his
study
milestones are too restrictive
disregards economy, disability

61
Q
A

hsc (1 decks)

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