unit 1 Flashcards
what is growth?
an increase in a measurable quality ie height or weight
what is development?
the acquisition of skills and capabilities that an individual experiences as they grow
what are the principles of growth?
describes an increase in quantity
is continuous but rate is not smooth
difference in growth rates in boys and girls
what are the different life stages?
infancy: 0 - 2 years
early childhood 3 - 8 years
adolescence: 9 - 18 years
early adulthood: 19 - 45 years
middle adulthood: 46 - 65 years
later adulthood: 65+ years
what does PIES stand for?
Physical
Intellectual
Emotional
Social
what are fine motor skills?
smaller movements that require precision and dexterity
ie holding a pencil
what are gross motor skills?
larger movements that require the use of the torso/limbs
ie running
what are the types of grip and when do they develop?
palm grasp - around 5 months
pincer grip - around 10 months
tripod grip - around 5 years
P: what happens from infancy to childhood?
fine motor skills develop and then become refined
hand + eye coordination improves and becomes more accurate
refine gross motor skills to be coordinated
able to operate more independently (ie feeding, dressing)
what are primary sexual characteristics?
present at birth
develop in puberty
involved in reproduction
what are secondary sexual characteristics?
develop in puberty
not involved in reproduction
what are primary sexual characteristics in females?
uterus enlarges and vagina lengthens
ovaries begin to release eggs
menstrual cycle commences
what are primary sexual characteristics in men?
penis and testicles enlarges
spontaneous erections
testicles begin to produce sperm
what are secondary sexual characteristics in females?
redistribution of body fat causing hips to widen
breasts develop and areola swells and darkens
hair grows in armpits and pubic area
what are secondary sexual characteristics in males?
redistribution of muscle and fat
changes in larynx (causes voice to deepen)
hair grows in armpits and pubic area
what are the main female hormones?
oestrogen
progesterone
what are the main male hormones?
testosterone
what do oestrogen and progesterone do?
ovulation
menstruation
(indicates the onset of fertility)
what does testosterone do?
stimulates sperm production
responsible for secondary sexual characteristics
P: what happens in early adulthood (19 - 45 years)?
physically at peak (around 28 years)
ability to fall pregnant and lactate
women may experience perimenopause towards end of stage
what is perimenopause?
natural process
ovaries begin to gradually stop producing eggs
menstrual cycle begins to slow down and stop
oestrogen to slow production
menstrual cycle may be erratic
not all women experience perimenopause
symptoms of perimenopause
irregular/skipping periods
periods that are heavier/lighter
hot flushes
vaginal dryness and discomfort during intercourse
urinary urgency
when does menopause happen?
middle adulthood (45 - 65 years)
what is menopause?
ovaries stop producing oestrogen
menstrual cycle stops
causes fertility to stop
symptoms of menopause
irregular/no periods
vaginal dryness and pain during intercourse
hot flushes
chills
night sweats
sleep problems
mood changes
extreme fatigue
reduced sex drive
what gross motor skills should children reach in infancy?
roll over (6 months)
sit up (9 months)
crawling (9 months)
stand up (12 months)
cruising (12 months)
walking (18 months)
what fine motor skills should children learn in infancy?
grasp toy in one hand (4 months)
use pincer grip to pick up string (12 months)
turn the page of a book (18 months)
stack blocks (18 months)
what gross motor skills should be learned in early childhood?
riding a tricycle (3 years)
throw, catch, and kick a ball (4 years)
running forwards and backwards (5 years)
hopping on one foot (5 years)
hops and skips using alternate feet (6 to 7 years)
what fine motor skills should be learned in early childhood?
turns pages of a book with precision (5 years)
writes own name (5 years)
buttons and unbuttons clothing (5 to 6 years)
ties shoelaces (6 to 7 years)
writes using joined up writing (7 years)
what impact does menopause have on other areas of development?
strained relationships
lower self-esteem
loss of identity
personality challenges
mood swings
more impulsive
addiction/mental health issues
P: what happens in later adulthood (65+ years)?
mobility weakens - brittle/weak bones, weaker joints
thinner skin
development of serious long-term health conditions
loss of senses
organs deteriorate
hair loss/loss of pigmentation
what are the five newborn reflexes?
sucking
babinski reflex
grasping reflex
moro reflex
rooting
newborn reflexes: sucking
involuntary at first
will gradually gain control over sucking during first year
newborn reflexes: babinski reflex
occurs when bottom of babies’ foot is stroked
toes fan out then curl
newborn reflexes: grasping reflex
occurs when pressure is placed on baby’s hand, causes baby to grasp fingers
newborn reflexes: moro reflex
occurs when startled or dropped, baby’s arms fling outward and inward
newborn reflexes: rooting
touching baby’s cheek causes them to turn head and open mouth in preparation for nursing
what are the names of the stages in piaget’s stages of development?
sensorimotor
pre-operational
concrete operations
formal operations
piaget’s stages: sensorimotor
0 to 2 years
use senses to explore
develop object permanence at the end of stage (ie peekaboo)
piaget’s stages: pre-operational
2 to 7 years
control environment by using symbolic behaviour
engage in pretend play as imagination develops (ie small world play)
egocentric
unable to conserve at beginning but understand conservation by end of stage
piaget’s stages: concrete operations
7 to 11 years
use practical resources
attach concepts to concrete situations
time, space, quantity are understood
need help working out problems so use counters
no longer egocentric
begin to apply logic
piaget’s stages: formal operations
11 to 18 years
apply abstract thought, rationalise, and problem solve
can strategise and plan
can empathise
can understand consequences
criticisms of piaget
used his own children
dismisses children who have learning difficulties
dismissed that some children develop faster
opposing theories of piaget
vygotsky - proposed that scaffolding could help children develop
piaget’s schematic theory key words
equilibrium
assimilation
disequilibrium
accommodation
what is disequilibrium?
child is confused and unaware of object/situation
have no schema for situation
what is accommodation?
will study object and
accommodate new info
will find differences (ie have schema for cat not dog, find that dog barks)
what is equilibrium?
next time child sees situation, they have pre-existing schema
what is assimilation?
accessing pre-existing matching similarities
piaget’s schematic theory
behaviour is based on experience
believes that children have to experience new situations to develop new schemas argument for income impacting development, can’t afford to experience situation, no schema
bowlby’s attachment theory
most important lifestage is infancy
need to have formed attachments in infancy to form attachments in later life
monotropy
separation anxiety pos - shows secure attachment
attachment is innate
bowlby’s attachment theory: importance of attachment in infancy
children who form secure attachments grow up to be resilient, trusting, willing to form relationships
disruptions to attachment
post-natal depression
siblings
separation
premature births
criticisms of bowlby
schaffer and emerson: believed that by 10 months old, can form multiple attachments
believed attachment is based on time/comfort - other research differs
children in foster care form secure attachments in future
ainsworth’s strange situation
securely attached children get upset when parents leave room (separation anxiety)
anxious avoidant children won’t react
anxious resistant children will become angry/frustrated
bandura’s social learning theory
learning through imitation
Bobo doll experiment
vicarious reinforcement - ie when a person sees another person be rewarded for something, they replicate that behaviour because they want a reward
bandura’s mediational processes
Attention - see how behaviour happens
Retention - ability to retain it
Reproduction - need to have skills to reproduce
Motivation - have to want to do it
criticisms of bandura
ignores genetics - XYY - males born with extra Y chromosome are more aggressive - not a learned behaviour
children who witness DV don’t all grow up to be aggressive
bobo doll was inappropriate - used to
knock over and come back
small sample size
gesell’s maturation theory
nativist
development occurs before birth
development is pre-programmed and innate
development is sequential but happens at different rates
any delay in development caused by genetics/hereditary factors
inspired milestones
criticisms of gesell
bandura & vygotsky
only used white british children in his
study
milestones are too restrictive
disregards economy, disability
