Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Understanding construction materials ensures
that structures are built safely and can withstand various stresses over time, preventing failures and accidents.
A
Quality and Safety
2
Q
Knowledge of materials helps in selecting the
most cost-effective options without compromising quality, leading to more economically viable construction projects.
A
Cost-Effectiveness:
3
Q
Familiarity with different materials allows
engineers to choose more sustainable and environmentally friendly options, contributing to eco-friendly construction practices.
A
Sustainability
4
Q
As new materials and technologies emerge, civil engineers need to stay informed to incorporate these advancements into their projects, ensuring modern and efficient construction.
A
Innovation and Adaptability
5
Q
The overall success of construction projects
heavily relies on the right choice of materials, affecting durability, functionality, and aesthetics of the built environment.
A
Project Success
6
Q
Construction projects need ____________ and understanding of how to use them well. _________, __________, and __________ must know about materials, construction methods, quality control, and maintenance for successful and cost effective outcomes.
A
good materials, Designers, builders, and users
7
Q
AASHTO
A
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
8
Q
ASTM
A
American Society for Testing and Materials
9
Q
- are both organizations that set standards for materials used in construction, including highways and transportation infrastructure.
A
AASHTO and ASTM
10
Q
primarily focuses on standards related transportation and highway infrastructure
A
AASHTO
11
Q
sets standards for a wide range of materials and products used in various industries, including construction.
A
ASTM
12
Q
- is degree of excellence.
A
Quality
13
Q
It is described by such general terms as stable, durable, rigid or flexible.
A
Quality
14
Q
Some equate it to cost, others to conform or elegance. However, quality for different individuals may vary since it is influenced by factors, such as economics, aesthetics, safety, or performance
A
Quality
15
Q
- is to regulate.
A
Control
16
Q
It is usually used in relation to weight, population, or prices. It
A
Control
17
Q
It is instituted when there is need to check or regulate due to some important, compelling reasons
A
Control
18
Q
- is checking for conformance to requirements.
A
Quality Control
19
Q
It is now widely and increasingly used in the construction industry. It is instituted during the course of construction as a preventive tool, not as a corrective measure. Preventive measures are always more economical.
A
Quality Control
20
Q
Purpose of Quality Control in project implementation is to ensure the highest quality of work and extend the service life of any structure by constructing according to the prescribed plans and specifications.
A
Fact
21
Q
The _______ indicate the specific type of the structure and the ___________ present the characteristic in which it is built, as well as the materials that are to be incorporated into the work.
A
plans, specifications
22
Q
Purpose of Quality Control in project implementation is to check and regulate the use of construction materials and to economize on the cost of construction.
A
Fact
23
Q
Fulfilling these, requires _________________ prior to and after placing to their final position in the structure. Normally, every material should be subjected to _______, _______ and _________ before acceptance.
A
adequate control of materials, testing, inspection and verification
24
Q
- is degree of certainty.
A
Assurance
25
- is a function of the owner to verify/audit and evaluate that the work is done in accordance with specifications. Some call it ____________.
Quality Assurance, acceptance inspection
26
It is the basic means or a tool by which an engineer or an inspector can be used to determined whether the materials should be allowed to be incorporated or be rejected into the work.
Material Testing
27
It is a documented proof of the quality of materials indicating it meets or it fails the desired properties as called for in the specifications requirements of an approved contract.
Material Testing
28
There can be no _____________ without ___________ at the source or manufacturer or at construction,
therefore _______ is a tool for measuring quality control in project implementation.
quality assurance, adequate quality control, testing
29
Engineers do guess
F (do not)
30
- is an important complement of quality control in engineering works
Testing
31
So without testing even in the field or in the laboratory, no one can state definitely if the quality of materials is satisfied or not, even the expert.
T
32
_________ is not done by sight or other means without the benefit of laboratory tests. If it is done by sight, it is pure and simple guessing.
Material Testing
33
___________, _____________, and ____________who are involved in the implementation of various infrastructures needs to learn testing technology in construction materials to enhance and strengthen their capabilities in the implementation of _____________ of a project.
Project Engineers, Materials Engineers and Laboratory Technicians,Quality Assurance Program
34
Benefits that you will get in learning material testing
Recognize the basic technologies in testing of construction materials.
Perform effectively field/laboratory sampling and testing of construction materials in accordance with the standard methods/procedures.
Evaluate, analyze and interpret test results of construction materials for the purpose of acceptance and rejection.
Facts
35
The ____________ has the prime responsibility to produce/process the products to meet/satisfy the quality requirements in accordance with the Specifications prior to incorporating them into the project.
Contractor
36
It is imperative that the preparation of the quality plan should be a detailed one, taking into account and shall include the ff.
Site condition; Laboratory Plan in accordance with the Contract; Process of control testing; The schedule of activities to be undertaken/performed; Materials resources and locations, list of materials to be tested and type of tests to be conducted; Frequency of tests, taking into account the project quantity by item; and Laboratory equipment/apparatus and technical staffs to be employed.
jojowain
37
Los Angeles Abrasion Value (LA)
Quality Test
Sieve analysis
C1
38
Residual Organic Material
Quality Test
Sieve analysis
C2
39
Quality of cement
C3
40
Quality of water
Water sourcing
C4
41
Slump (Workability)
Production
Strength at 28 days
C5
42
Check mixing and compaction equipment
Check formworks
Check setting out of the works
Check reinforcement steel
C6
43
Slump (Workability)
Temperature
Sampling
C7
44
Strength tests results
Visual aspect of concrete (segregation,etc.)
C8
45
______________ applies to the written contract documents which includes material and workmanship requirements, inspection and testing procedures and procedures for measurement and payment of work, all of which are mostly based on _________________________________
SPECIFICATIONS, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO),
46
FUNCTIONS OF SPECIFICATIONS
Obligation to define material and workmanship requirements
With respect to the owner and his engineer
47
FUNCTIONS OF SPECIFICATIONS
Inspection and testing during the period of execution
With respect to the owner and his engineer
48
FUNCTIONS OF SPECIFICATIONS
To indicate how work will be measured and paid for
With respect to the owner and his engineer
49
FUNCTIONS OF SPECIFICATIONS
Obligation of complying with the contract requirements during the construction period
With respect to the contractor
50
The ____________, however becomes the starting point of quality control. Without specification, there can be no quality control.
SPECIFICATION
51
- has the primary responsibility of producing a complete, accurate, and cost- efficient building in accordance to the approved set of plans of the project.
Project Engineer
52
Tasks of the Project-In-Charge/Project Engineer
Planning
Coordination
Project Control
Communication and Documents
Personnel
53
Responsible for the _________ as instructed by the owner’s Engineer, testing, inspection and submission of quality control reports data.
The Materials Engineer from the Contractor’s Side, sampling
54
To prepare design mixes for concrete and asphalt mixtures.
The Materials Engineer from the Contractor’s Side
55
Accomplished, update, and keep the test report records such as materials logbook
The Materials Engineer from the Contractor’s Side
56
To ensure that the samples are properly cured by standards procedures.
The Materials Engineer from the Contractor’s Side
57
Recommend on whether the quality of materials to be used in the project is acceptable and pass the requirements of DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways, Bridges, and Airports.
The Materials Engineer from the Contractor’s Side
57
To ensure that the field tests are adequately equipped so that the progress of work will not be impeded to laboratory testing and non-performance of the test should not be the cause of delay in project implementation.
The Materials Engineer from the Contractor’s Side
58
Recommend corrective and remedial measures to improve the quality and correct the unsatisfactory condition of materials.
The Materials Engineer from the Contractor’s Side
59
Recommend corrective and remedial measures to improve the quality and correct the unsatisfactory condition of materials.
The Materials Engineer from the Contractor’s Side
60
Recommend the acceptance of the completed works as well as advise the Project Engineer on the rejection of the unsatisfactory materials.
The Materials Engineer from the Contractor’s Side
61
Supervise continuously the Contractor’s technicians/foremen in carrying out specified sampling, testing and reporting works;
The Materials Engineer from the Owner Side
62
Instruct the Contractor where to take representative samples and ensure frequency of sampling and testing required in the Specifications;
The Materials Engineer from the Owner Side
63
Ensure that all tests on materials and field operations are correctly recorded by the Contractor’s technicians in daily reports of forms and submitted to the Engineer/the PE without delay;
The Materials Engineer from the Owner Side
64
Ensure that the Contractor’s technicians submit the results of all tests using the standardized laboratory forms;
The Materials Engineer from the Owner Side
65
Submit a monthly summary of all test results to the Engineer (PE), together with recommendations regarding approval or rejection of materials and work, based on the test data and observations and
The Materials Engineer from the Owner Side
66
Ascertain that all materials pass the requirements of the DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways.
The Materials Engineer from the Government Side
66
Carry out independently from the Contractor’s technicians, any sampling and testing for the purpose of confirming the test results submitted by the Contractor, if required. The ME should also conduct a random or surprise sampling and testing in addition to the planned sampling and testing.
The Materials Engineer from the Owner Side
67
Advise the PE on the acceptance or rejection of construction materials
The Materials Engineer from the Government Side
68
Check the Quality Control Program (QCP) prepared by the contractor
The Materials Engineer from the Government Side
69
Accomplish the weekly Certificate of Quality Control Assurance (CQCA)
The Materials Engineer from the Government Side
70
Evaluate design mix and job mix for concrete
The Materials Engineer from the Government Side
71
Acquaint with standard procedures on materials sampling, testing and control
The Materials Engineer from the Government Side
72
Ensure the testing laboratory is adequately equipped
The Materials Engineer from the Government Side
73
Submit the test reports and other pertinent quality control reports
The Materials Engineer from the Government Side
74
Strictly supervise his laboratory technician
The Materials Engineer from the Government Side
75
Only materials that passed the Specifications and approved by the Engineer are used for the construction
Quality of Materials
76
Good skill, art and/or technique are used for quality products
Workmanship
77
Test results on finished product meet the specified strength and quality.
Quality of Product
78
The first step in quality control is the preparation of the plan or program by the contractor. He submits it to the owner or his representative. The plan should include provisions on how the work and materials should inspect and the nature and amount of testing work to be done. It should also indicate whether a project quality control laboratory will be set up to facilitate testing.
Quality Control Program
79
It specifies the minimum number of tests required for an item of work which corresponds to the quantities stated in the approved Program of Work of a project.
Quality Control Program
80
A program of quality control works in a certain project which involve inspection and testing of materials to be incorporated into a work
Quality Control Program
81
It is prepared by the concerned Materials Engineer of the contractor, to be checked by the concerned Materials Engineer ( Govt.),to be submitted by the Project Engineer and to be approved by the Head of Office.
Quality Control Program
82
It includes the provisions on how the work and materials should be inspected and the nature and amount of testing to be done.
Quality Control Program
83
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
Item 311
84
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
CEMENT quantity
9.00 bags/m³ (1 bag = 40 kg)
85
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
CEMENT tests
For every 2,000 bags or fraction thereof: 1-Q, Quality Test
86
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
FINE AGGREGATES quantity
0.50 m³/m³ concrete (if rounded coarse aggregate is used)
0.54 m³/m³ concrete (if angular coarse aggregate is used)
87
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
FINE AGGREGATES test
For every 1,500 m³ or fraction thereof: 1- Quality Test
88
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
FINE AGGREGATE Grading test
For every 75m3 or fraction thereof:
1-G, Grading Test (Sieve analysis)
89
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
COARSE AGGREGATES quantity
0.77 m³/m³ concrete (if rounded coarse aggregate is used)
0.68 m³/m³ concrete (if angular coarse aggregate is used)
90
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
COARSE AGGREGATES tests
Quality For every 1,500 m³ or fraction thereof:
91
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
COARSE AGGREGATE Grading test
For every 75m3 or fraction tthereof:
1-G, Grading Test
92
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
WATER Tests
: 1-Certificate from Project Engineer or
-Q, Quality Test, if source is questionable
93
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
JOINT FILLER
Poured Joint Filler test:
Tests: 1-Q, Quality Test on each type of ingredient for each shipment
94
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
JOINT FILLER
Pre-molded Joint Filler
Tests:
1-Q, Quality Test on each thickness of filler for each shipment
95
Sealing of joints should be undertaken before the curing period and after the pavement is opened to traffic.
F (after curing, before the pavement is opened to traffic)
96
Each joint should be clean and dry when the seal is applied.
T
97
Spilling of seal on the surface of the pavement is allowed.
F (not allowed)
98
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
SPECIAL CURING AGENTS
Tests:
1-Quality Test for each shipment
99
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
STEEL BARS
tests:
For every 10,000 kg or fraction thereof, for each size: 1-Q, Quality Test for:
Bending
Tension
Chemical Analysis
100
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
CONCRETE
tests:
Flexural Strength Test on Concrete Beam Samples:
1-Set, Consisting of 3 beam samples shall represent a 330m2 of
pavement, 230mm depth, or fraction thereof placed each day.
Volume of concrete not more than 75m3
101
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
COMPLETED PAVEMENT
tests:
Thickness determination by concrete core drilling on a lot basis
Five (5) holes per km per lane or
Five (5) holes per 500m when 2 lanes are poured concurrently
102
Item 405
Structural Concrete
103
Structural Concrete
CEMENT
Quantity:
(40 kg/bag)
104
Structural Concrete
CEMENT
tests:
For every 2000 bags or fraction thereof 1-Q, Quality Test
105
Structural Concrete
FINE AGGREGATES
Tests
For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof:
106
Structural Concrete
FINE A GGREGATES
grading test
For every 75m3 or fraction thereof:
1-G, Grading Test
107
Structural Concrete
COARSE AGGREGATES
tests
For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof:
108
Structural Concrete
COARSE AGGREGATES
grading test
For every 75m3 or fraction thereof:
1-G, Grading Test
109
Structural Concrete
WATER
tests
Tests: 1-Certificate from Project Engineer or
1-Q, Quality Test, if source is questionable
110
Structural Concrete
STEEL REINFORCEMENT
tests:
1-Q, Quality Test for every 10,000 kg or fraction thereof for each size
111
Structural Concrete
CONCRETE
tests
Compressive Strength Test on Concrete Cylinder Samples:
1-Set, Consisting of 3 concrete cylinder samples shall be taken from each day’s pouring and to represent not more than 75m3 of concrete or fraction thereof.
112
the process by which a liquid is drawn into pores in a porous solid body
Absorption,
113
process by which DPWH demonstrate the competency to perform specific tasks in accordance with the standard.
Accreditation
114
n - a material other than water, aggregates, cementitious materials, and fiber reinforcement that is used as an ingredient of a cementitious mixture. e.g. Accelerating mixture, Air-entraining mixture, Chemical admixture, Water-reducing mixture, Water- reducing mixture.
Admixture
115
the number of days or hours of curing of a concrete mixture at a specified temperature
Age
116
granular material used with a cementing medium to form hydraulic cement concrete or mortar. e.g. Coarse aggregate, Fine aggregate, lightweight/low density aggregate, normal weight aggregate.
Aggregate
117
nonmetallic product, consisting of silicates
Blast-furnace slag
118
the mass of a unit volume of bulk aggregate material
Bulk density
119
a mixture of inorganic materials that sets and develops strength by chemical reaction with water
Cementitious material
120
a composite material that consists of a binding medium which embedded within are particles of aggregate
Concrete
121
the relative mobility or ability to flow of a fresh cementitious mixture
Consistency
122
action taken to maintain moisture and temperature conditions in a freshly placed cementitious mixture
Curing
123
the ratio of the density of materials to the density of distilled water at a given temperature
Relative Density
124
coarse aggregate resulting from natural disintegration and abrasion of rock
Gravel
125
gain strength and other properties of a cementitious mixture
Hardening
126
– those spaces in a specimen that do not become filled with water when s submerged
Impermeable Pores
127
those spaces in a specimen that become filled with water when submerged
Permeable Pores
128
fine aggregate resulting from natural disintegration and abrasion of rock
Sand
129
Defined by ASTM C125 as the process occurring after the addition of mixing water, that results in a gradual development of rigidity of a cementitious mixture.” In other words, it is the process a concrete mixture goes through, from being a liquid mixture to gaining certain stiffness
Setting
130
the ability to resist separation of the paste from the aggregates.
Stability
131
the product resulting from the use of mechanical devices to break rocks, boulders, or large cobblestones into smaller fragments
Crushed Stone
132
striking the side of a mold to close voids in a fresh cementitious mixture created by rodding or an internal vibrator
Tapping
133
the property of freshly mixed concrete that affects the ease with which it can be mixed, placed, consolidated, and struck off.
Workability
134
AGGREGATE - ROCKS
- for drying, conditioning and moisture determination
Laboratory Ovens
135
-AGGREGATE - ROCKS
device for separating wanted elements from unwanted material or for characterizing the particle size distributions of sample.
Sieves
136
AGGREGATE - ROCKS
– designed for the reduction of test samples.
Sample Splitters
137
AGGREGATE - ROCKS
- is used for rock classification tests.
Rock Classification Hammer
138
AGGREGATE - ROCKS
- used to determine the resistance of aggregates by abrasion.
Los-Angeles Abrasion Machine
139
AGGREGATE - ROCKS
- Used to measure coarse aggregate density through water displacement method.
Volumeter for aggregates
140
– designed to mix dry materials
Dry Mixer
141
AGGREGATE - ROCKS
- suitable to determine the abrasion resistance of glazed tiles and other materials.
Abrasimeter
142
AGGREGATE - ROCKS
– used to measure resistance of an aggregate to crushing under a gradually applied compressive load.
Aggregate Crushing Value apparatus
143
AGGREGATE - ROCKS
– used for specific gravity and water absorption test.
Buoyancy Balance
144
CONCRETE
– design to remove a cylinder of material, much like a hole saw
Core Drill
145
CONCRETE
– used to perform compression test on concrete cylinder specimens.
Compression Testing Machine
146
CONCRETE
– used to perform flexural tests on concrete beam specimen
Flexural Testing Machine
147
CONCRETE
– used to determine the strain and deformation characteristics of concrete specimens. It is used to determine the static modulus of elasticity (Young's Modulus) and Poisson‘s ratio of concrete in compression(concrete)
Concrete Cylinder Compressometer
- Extensometer
148
CONCRETE
– suitable for field mixes of medium strength concrete
Drum Type Mixer
149
CONCRETE
– for the determination of the consistency, the medium and high workability of fresh concrete. (concrete)
Slump Cone Set
150
BITUMEN-ASPHALT
- for quantitative determination of binder or bitumen contained in pavement samples
Automatic Binder Extraction Unit
151
BITUMEN-ASPHALT
– use for asphalt content determination in bituminous concrete.
Reflux Extractor
152
BITUMEN-ASPHALT
– it can extrude Marshall, CBR, and Standard and Modified Proctor specimen.
Universal Extruder
153
BITUMEN-ASPHALT
- is a stand-alone system for fatigue life testing of asphalt beams subjected to repeated flexural bending, giving a measure of maximum tensile strength, maximum tensile strain and flexural stiffness.
Fatigue Tester of Asphalt Beams
154
BITUMEN-ASPHALT
- used to determine the consistency of a bituminous sampler under fixed conditions of load, time and temperature.
Penetrometer
155
BITUMEN-ASPHALT
– used for drying asphalt.
Asphalt Oven
156
BITUMEN-ASPHALT
- used to determine the viscosity of cut-back bitumen and road oil
Viscometer
157
CEMENT-MORTAR
– this apparatus is used for the measurement of the apparent density (bulk density) of powder and non-cohesive materials
Bulk Density of Cement
158
CEMENT-MORTAR
– used to determine the initial and
final setting time of a hydraulic binder
Automatic Recording Vicat Apparatus
159
CEMENT-MORTAR
- used for setting time and consistency of cement.
Vicat Apparatus
160
CEMENT- MORTAR
- expressly designed for the efficient mixing of cement pastes and mortar, with two automatic sequences of mixing cycle.
Automatic Mortar Mixer
161
STEEL
– to carry out static tensile tests on metallic materials.
Universal Hydraulic Servo- Controlled Machine
162
STEEL
– used to make notching on impact test bars for resilience tests.
Broaching Machine
163
STEEL
– to check the energy absorbed during the impact, which is measured in JOULE.
Pendulum Impact Charpy Tester
164
STEEL
– designed to carry out bending tests on steel bars for reinforced concrete.
Bending Machine
165
WOOD
– are used to measure the percentage of water in a given substance.
Moisture Meters
