unit 1

Question 1

Physical at birth

Answer 1

At birth:
* hands are firmly closed
* often folds their thumb under their fingers

Question 2

Physical 1 year

Answer 2

1 year:
* points using index finger
* passes and releases a toy
* clasps hands together
* holds crayon with palmar grasp and makes random marks

Question 3

Physical 2 year

Answer 3

2 years:
* separates interlocking toys
* uses pincer grip to pick up small objects
* draws lines, dots and circles

Question 4

Physical 3 year

Answer 4

3 years:
* begins to show preference for dominant hand
* can fasten large zip
* can draw person with a head

Question 5

Physical 4 year

Answer 5

4 years:
* begins to fasten buttons
* uses spoon and fork well to eat
* can draw a figure that resembles a person showing head, legs, and body

Question 6

Physical 5 year

Answer 6

5 years:
* can use a knife and fork competently
* can thread small beads
* can draw a person with a head, body, arms, legs, nose and mouth

Question 7

Gross motor skills at birth

Answer 7

At birth:
* lies on their back with head to one side
* head lags when pulled to sitting position

Question 8

Gross motor skills 1 years

Answer 8

1 year:
* stands and may cruise around furniture
* sits down from standing
* is more mobile

Question 9

Gross motor skills 2 years

Answer 9

2 years:
* walks up and down stairs by holding adult’s hand
* runs with control
* throws and kicks a ball

Question 10

Gross motor skills 3 years

Answer 10

3 years:
* can walk backwards and sideways
* rides and steers a tricycle
* jumps from a low step with both feet together
* throws a ball overhand and can catch a large ball with arms outstretched

Question 11

Gross motor skills 4 years

Answer 11

4 years:
* stands and runs on tiptoe
* hops
* changes direction while running
* can catch, kick, throw and bounce a ball

Question 12

Gross motor skills 5 years

Answer 12

5 years:
* skips and moves rhythmically to music
* hops on each foot
* rides bicycle with stabilisers

Question 13

Cognitive at birth

Answer 13

At birth:
* turns head towards bright light
* likes looking at high contrast patterns
* is startled by sudden noises
* shows primitive reflexes (such as swallowing and sucking, rooting, grasping, stepping, asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR), startle (Moro reflex))

Question 14

Cognitive 1

Answer 14

1 year:
* understands simple instructions (for example, ‘clap hands’)
* imitates and responds to gestures
* anticipates future routines

Question 15

Cognitive 2

Answer 15

2 years:
* understands that a mirror is a reflection
* begins to understand consequences of their own actions
* names pictures and objects in a book

Question 16

Cognitive 3

Answer 16

3 years:
* recognises objects that are heavy and light
* shows awareness of past and present
* actively seeks answers to questions – using ‘why’
* sorts objects by size and shape

Question 17

Cognitive 4

Answer 17

4 years:
* names some colours
* counts to 10
* recalls stories and rhymes
* fantasy and reality may become confused

Question 18

Cognitive 5

Answer 18

5 years:
* gives meaning to marks they make and see
* can count up to 20
* understands basic rules
* interested in reading and writing

Question 19

Communication and language at birth

Answer 19

At birth:
* recognises mother’s or main caregiver’s voice
* cannot hear very soft sounds
* cries to indicate need

Question 20

Communication and language 1

Answer 20

1 year:
* babbles tunefully, leading to first single spoken words
* raises tone to gain attention
* follows simple instructions and understands simple frequent words

Question 21

Communication and language 2

Answer 21

2 years:
* uses 50 words or more
* joins 2 words together
* refers to self by name
* understands a wide range of words

Question 22

Communication and language 3

Answer 22

3 years:
* uses 200 words or more
* constantly asks questions: what, why, who
* joins in simple rhymes

Question 23

Communication and language 4

Answer 23

4 years:
* can be understood easily by others
* enjoys telling and sharing stories
* knows several nursery rhymes and songs

Question 24

Communication and language 5

Answer 24

5 years:
* begins to show signs of reading
* concentrates and maintains attention
* uses language and gestures to convey meaning
* speech is mostly grammatically correct

Question 25

Social and emotional
At birth

Answer 25

At birth:
* often imitates facial expressions
* expresses pleasure at bath time or when being fed
* enjoys physical touch

Question 26

Social and emotional 1

Answer 26

1 year:
* enjoys playing simple games (for example, ‘peek a boo’)
* cries if unable to see carer
* dependent on others
* plays alone or alongside others happily

Question 27

Social and emotional 2

Answer 27

2 years:
* confident and curious to explore the environment
* often feels frustrated when unable to express feelings
* may be clingy at times but independent at others

Question 28

Social and emotional 3

Answer 28

3 years:
* enjoys playing with other children
* expresses emotions
* enjoys imaginative and creative play experiences
* likes to do tasks unaided

Question 29

Social and emotional 4

Answer 29

4 years:
* welcomes and values praise
* more confident in new situations and with unfamiliar adults
* can be sensitive to others
* may become fearful as imagination increases

Question 30

Social and emotional 5

Answer 30

5 years:
* enjoys group play
* has definite likes and dislikes
* describes self in a positive way
* gains confidence and is more independent