Unit 1

Question 1

Empirical Statistics

Answer 1

Information is obtained via observation and measurement (produces data, scores)

Question 2

Inferential Statistics

Answer 2

Performing mathematical calculations (statistics) from a sample of people

Question 3

Population

Answer 3

The total number of cases or items of interest within a defined region (i.e All Canadians over the age of 65)

Question 4

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 4

using general premises to form a specific conclusion

Question 5

Deductive Reasoning Example

Answer 5

Dementia comes with aging. Therefore, my grandfather must have dementia

Question 6

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 6

starting from specific premises and forming a general conclusion

Question 7

Example of Inductive reasoning

Answer 7

My grandfather has dementia so,
all older adults must have dementia

Question 8

What is the scientific method?

Answer 8

the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation

Question 9

Elements of the Scientific Method:

Answer 9

Skepticism
Open-mindeness

Question 10

Quantitative Research

Answer 10

Measurement of outcomes using numerical data under standardized conditions
Like Applying statistical procedures

Question 11

Example of Quantitative Research

Answer 11

Applying statistical procedures

Question 12

Qualitative Research

Answer 12

Deriving conclusions from open-ended questionnaires, surveys, interviews, and observations
Not applying numerical descriptions to observations

Question 13

Example of Qualitative Research

Answer 13

E.g., educational methods

Question 14

What is a Variable?

Answer 14

a characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals (i.e gender or age)

Question 15

What is Data?

Answer 15

scores on variables, or information expressed as numbers (quantitively)

Question 16

What is a data set?

Answer 16

a collection of measurements or observation

Question 17

What is a datum? (also called score or raw score)

Answer 17

a single measurement of observation or observation

Question 18

Descriptive Statistics (Describe)

Answer 18

Statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data

Question 19

Inferential Statistics (to infer)

Answer 19

Techniques that allow us to study samples and then make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected

Question 20

Sampling Error

Answer 20

Naturally occurring error that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter

Question 21

What are discrete variables?

Answer 21

Measured in units that cannot be subdivided…… contains gaps.

Variable classified in whole units…. no fractions

Question 22

What are dichotomous variables?

Answer 22

only 2 possible outcomes
Scores = whole integers
Example: number of people per household

Question 23

What are continuous variables?

Answer 23

Measured in a unit that can be subdivided infinitely
Limited by the precision of the testing instrument… ie age

Question 24

What are nominal scales?

Answer 24

Identification scores
Does not measure amount or value
Classifies groups or responses

Question 25

Example of a Nominal Scale

Answer 25

Sex at birth (male, female)…..

Question 26

Mutually Exclusive

Answer 26

There must be one and only category for each case

Question 27

Exhaustive

Answer 27

A category must exist for every possible score that might be found

Question 28

Homogenous

Answer 28

Categories should include cases that are comparable

Question 29

What is an ordinal scale?

Answer 29

Categorical scale with a natural order
Scores only indicate a position between items

Question 30

Example of an ordinal scale

Answer 30

Income level
Personality trait

Question 31

What is an interval scale?

Answer 31

Describes an actual quantity
Can have negative numbers

Question 32

Example of an interval scale:

Answer 32

Temperature (celsius or Fahrenheit)

Question 33

What is a ratio scale?

Answer 33

Scores represent the true “amount” of the variable that is present
Scores scaled to a true zero