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Cognitive Neuroscience > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

History of Cognitive Neuroscience, Structure and Function of Nervous System, Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience

1
Q

(founder of clinical neuroscience)
laid groundwork for neurology and neuroanatomy, also named parts of the brain

A

Thomas Willis

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2
Q

british architect who created drawings of the human brain with Thomas Willis that remained the most accurate representations of the human brain for 200 years

A

Christopher Wren

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3
Q

the belief held by some such as Thales, that flesh-and-blood produce thoughts

A

Monism

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4
Q

the belief held by some such as Descartes, that the mind appears from elsewhere and is not the result of the machinations of the brain

A

Dualism

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5
Q

localizationist who studied convulsions of seizures and topographic organization

A

John Hughlings Jackson

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6
Q

discovered an area of the brain vital to speech production in the lesion of a patient - Broca’s Area

A

Paul Broca

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7
Q

discovered area of the brain vital to the ability to understand speech - Wernicke’s Area

A

Carl Wernicke

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8
Q

Where is speech production located?

A

Broca’s Area

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9
Q

Where is speech comprehension located?

A

Wernicke’s Area

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10
Q

Who was the famous patient of Broca and Wernicke whose lesion led to their discoveries?

A

Leborgne

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11
Q

Who is known for cyrotectontics?

A

Korbinian Brodmann

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12
Q

a system to divide the cerebral cortex according to cytoarchitectural organization

A

Brodmann Areas

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13
Q

two physicians that provided the first widely recognized piece of experimental evidence for what would eventually be known as the motor cortex through their experimentation on dogs and the contralateral muscles of the brain

A

Fitz and Hitzig

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14
Q

(a single cell or cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei, formed by fusion of cells or by division of nuclei)
integrative brain function is based on the coexistence and cooperative actions of many interwoven and interacting sub-mechanisms

A

syncytium

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15
Q

asserts that nerve tissue is composed of individual cells, which are genetic, anatomic, functional and trophic units

A

Neuron Doctrine

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16
Q

nerve cells that have specific functions - responsible for info processing and transport, make up 2% of body weight

A

neurons

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17
Q

carry signals to and from the brain in order for movement

A

motor neurons

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18
Q

carry external stimuli and repurposes to electrical stimuli

A

sensory neurons

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19
Q

fires brain signals

A

interneurons

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20
Q

sensory - touch

A

unipolar

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21
Q

sensory - retinal, olfactory

A

bipolar

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22
Q

motor, pyramidal, purknje

A

multipolar

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23
Q

amcine cell

A

anaxonic

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24
Q

grey matter

A

soma cell/body

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25
Q

terminal buttons

A

release neruotransmitters

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26
Q

CNS - helps control neurons surrounding chemical environment, connects neurons to blood vessels - blood brain barrier, nourishes neurons and converts glucose

A

glial cells

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27
Q

myelin sheath, white matter, wrap axon, nodes of Ranvier

A

oligodendrocytes

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28
Q

What type of cells does multiple sclerosis damage?

A

oligodendrocytes

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29
Q

cells that protect the brain from invasion (immune system)
make up the brain-blood barrier

A

microglia (phagocyte)

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30
Q

epithelial cells that are responsible for the production and regulation of cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependmyl cells

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31
Q

cells responsible for myelin sheath production

A

Schwann cell

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32
Q

semipermeable barrier membrane between the circulatory system and the central nervous system - consists of capillary walls with open gaps that permit flow

A

blood-brain barrier

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33
Q

What and where is an area in the brain where blood-brain barrier is weaker?

A

Area Postrema (located in the medulla oblongata)

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34
Q

amino acid neurotransmitter - main excitatory neuron in the brain involved with ESPS, NMDA and ADE receptors

A

glutamate

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35
Q

the main inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in IPSPs

A

GABA (gamma - aminobutyric acid)

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36
Q

What medication increases GABA?

A

benzodiazpines

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37
Q

neurotransmitter involved in movement in the central nervous system - dorsolateral pons and basal forebrain

A

Acetylchloine

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38
Q

monoamine involved in movement, attention, learning and drug use - plays a key role in major subsystems of the central nervous system (nirostriatal , mesolimbic, msocoritcol systems)

A

Dopamine

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39
Q

involved in behavioral excitation - locus coeruleus

A

norepinephrine/noradrenaline

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40
Q

involved in regulation of mood, eating, sleep, arousal and pain - Raphe Nuclei

A

serotonin/5-HT

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41
Q

involved in wakefulness

A

histamine

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42
Q

direct antangonist

A

competitive binding

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43
Q

indirect antangonist

A

noncompetitive binding

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44
Q

How do you prolong neurotransmitter’s effects?

A

block reuptake

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45
Q

brain and spinal cord - encased by bone and cerebrospinal fluid

A

central nervous system

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46
Q

cranial and spinal nerves - peripheral ganglia

A

peripheral nervous system

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47
Q

front

A

anterior/rostral

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48
Q

back

A

posterior/caudal

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49
Q

top of brain - back of body

A

dorsal

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50
Q

bottom/underneath

A

ventral

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51
Q

towards the side

A

lateral

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52
Q

medial

A

towards the middle

53
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

54
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

55
Q

superior

A

above

56
Q

inferior

A

below

57
Q

back of brain

A

caudal

58
Q

protective sheath around the brain and spinal cord - consists of 3 layers… dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

A

meninges

59
Q

How many lateral ventricles are in the ventricular system?

A

2

60
Q

How do you access the 4th ventricle from the 3rd?

A

cerebral aqueduct

61
Q

What are the purposes of the ventricles in the ventricular system?

A

to produce and store spinal fluid

62
Q

What is the brain suspended in for support?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

63
Q

What three chambers of the brain become ventricles?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

64
Q

largest section of the brain - consists of telencephalon and dicenphaon and in control of the Cerebral cortex

A

forebrain

65
Q

frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe

A

lobes of the cerebral cortex

66
Q

occipital lobe

A

occipital

67
Q

temporal lobe

A

language, auditory, emotion

68
Q

frontal lobe

A

thinking, sense of self

69
Q

parietal lobe

A

navigating environment, mathematics

70
Q

lateralization of the cerebral cortex

A

corpus callosum

71
Q

limbic system

A

limbic cortex

72
Q

solidifies and strengthens memory

A

hippocampus

73
Q

amygdala

A

processes fear/threat detection

74
Q

What two components of the brain are involved in spatial memory?

A

fornix and mammillary bodies

75
Q

caudate nucleus + putamen

A

basal ganglia

76
Q

receives sensory and motor input - action selections, timing, tasks

A

substantia nigra

77
Q

What is an important neurotransmitter that aids in learning and goal oriented behavior?

A

dopamine

78
Q

thalamus + hypothalamus

A

diencephalon

79
Q

visual sensory info center - relays

A

thalamus (central part)

80
Q

regulates heart, breathing, and endocrine system - homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

81
Q

What are the 4 Fs in the diencephalon?

A

feeding, fighting, flighting, fornicating

82
Q

superior colliculi

A

sight stimuli

83
Q

inferior colliculi

A

auditory stimuli

84
Q

composed of the reticular formation, periaqua-ductal gray matter, red nucleus - responsible for arousal, attention, reflexes

A

tegmentum

85
Q

What components of the brain make up the tectum?

A

superior and inferior colliculi

86
Q

What components of the brain make up the hindbrain?

A

cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

87
Q

regulates cardiovascular system - cell body for cranial nerves

A

medulla oblongata

88
Q

location of a majority of neurons - smooths movements

A

cerebellum

89
Q

connects cerebellum to brainstem and handles input

A

pons

90
Q

What make up the brainstem?

A

hindbrain and midbrain

91
Q

takes in sensory info and relays it to the brain - composed of 5 sections of vertebrae

A

spinal cord

92
Q

What are the two components of the peripheral nervous system?

A

somatic and autonomic

93
Q

composed of the spinal and cranial nerves - afferent and efferent axons

A

somatic nervous system

94
Q

composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

A

autonomic nervous system

95
Q

fight or flight

A

sympathetic nervous system

96
Q

rest and digest

A

parasympathetic nervous system

97
Q

color and word recognition (congruent and incongruent)

A

stroop test

98
Q

encode, compare, decide & respond - serial processing

A

stern-berg’s memory comparison test

99
Q

cerebral vascular accidents

A

strokes

100
Q

narrowing or hardening of the blood vessels that occurs with old age

A

arteriosclerosis

101
Q

the moving or breaking away of a blood clot - embolus/embolism

A

atherosclerosis

102
Q

blood vessel expands and often bursts causing a brain hemorage

A

aneruryism

103
Q

What is toxic to brain tissue?

A

blood

104
Q

angiography

A

cardiovascular exam/scan

105
Q

uncontrolled growth with no purpose (malignant or benign)

A

tumor (neoplasm)

106
Q

malignant

A

cancerous

107
Q

benign

A

noncancerous

108
Q

How can tumors harm the brain?

A

through the infiltration of brain tissue or by pressure on the brain/brainstem

109
Q

What type of malignant fast growing tumor is made up of glial cells?

A

gliomas

110
Q

open v. closed head injury in which neurons inside the brain stretch or tear and do not always regenerate

A

traumatic brain injury

111
Q

penetration of the head, skull, or brain and can be prone to infection of the object/site

A

open traumatic brain inury

112
Q

injury to the brain by trauma

A

closed traumatic brain injury

113
Q

concussions

A

mild traumatic brain injury

114
Q

sudden excess of neuron activity

A

seizure

115
Q

seizure disorder

A

epilepsy

116
Q

What are the two types of seizures?

A

grand and petite mall

117
Q

What are some methods to perturb neuron functions?

A

pharmacology, invasive stimulation methods, optogenetics, and noninvasive stimulation methods

118
Q

What is an example of an invasive stimulation method?

A

deep brain stimulation

119
Q

What are some examples of noninvasive stimulation methods?

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)

120
Q

What scans provide a quicker and cheaper way to scan the gross anatomy of the brain using x-rays?

A

computed tomography (CT) or computed axial tomography (CAT)

121
Q

What scan involves the interaction between radio frequency and a strong magnetic field?
(focuses on the hydrogen protons and their charge within the body)

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

122
Q

variant of an MRI that measures direction and movement of water within the brain - can measure white matter tracts and the specific tracts to and from the brain

A

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

123
Q

record action potentials

A

microelectrodes

124
Q

mainly done in animals - visual research that looks at the receptive field and retinotopic maps - in humans looks at ‘grandmother cells’

A

single cell recording

125
Q

noninvasive method recording cortical activity and measuring electrons activity of a population of neurons

A

electroencephalography (EEG)

126
Q

What is also collected with an EEG?

A

event related potential

127
Q

reliant on hemodynamic/metabolic responses and measures blood flow via oxygen and glucose metabolism - reveals localization of radioactive tracer

A

positron emission tomography (PET)

128
Q

relies on blood-flow following neural activity and blood-oxygen-level-dependent signals - manipulated oxygen protons

A

functional magnetic imaging (fMRIs)

129
Q

1mm-3mm replicate structures of the brain representing the space of a problem within areas of the brain

A

voxels

Cognitive Neuroscience (2 decks)

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