Unit 1

Question 1

Dyskinesis

Answer 1

squeezes in the wrong direction

Question 2

hypokinesis

Answer 2

slow or limited movement

Question 3

akinesis

Answer 3

with scarring, not moving with bright reflector.

Question 4

aneurysmal

Answer 4

dilated with an outward movement during systole with systolic thinning

Question 5

Normal measurements for AO root

Answer 5

2.2 - 3.7 cm

Question 6

When is the AO root measured?

Answer 6

Diastole

Question 7

Normal measurements for the LA

Answer 7

2.5 - 4.0 cm

Question 8

When is the LA measured?

Answer 8

systole

Question 9

Normal measurements for IVS

Answer 9

.7 - 1.1 cm

Question 10

When is the IVS measured?

Answer 10

diastole

Question 11

Normal measurements for the LVIDd

Answer 11

4.0 - 5.6 cm

Question 12

When is the LVID measured?

Answer 12

diastole and systole

Question 13

Normal measurements for LVIDs

Answer 13

2.0 - 3.8 cm

Question 14

Normal measurements for PLVW?

Answer 14

.7 - 1.1 cm

Question 15

When is the PLVW measured?

Answer 15

diastole

Question 16

Normal measurement for fractional shortening?

Answer 16

greater than 25%

Question 17

normal measurement for ejection fraction?

Answer 17

greater than 55%

Question 18

Stress echo can be used at what point of the ischemic cascade?

Answer 18

diastolic disfunction followed by systolic dysfunction. Can be seen before ECG and chest pain

Question 19

What is the importance of the stress echo

Answer 19

it can differentiate between viable myocardium from the scarred myocardium

Question 20

What are the reasons to stop and not complete a stress echo?

Answer 20

1. unstable angina, 2. severe base line hypertension, 3. uncontrolled rhythms, 4. mobile LV thrombus, 5. severe aortic stenosis, 6. HOCM, 7. decompensated HF

Question 21

How quickly do the images need to be taken after target heart rate is reached?

Answer 21

60 seconds

Question 22

What drug is used for a medical stress echo?

Answer 22

Dobutamine

Question 23

How much dobutamine is give and over how much time in stress echo?

Answer 23

10mg and then 10 more every 3 min.

Question 24

What are some false negatives for stress echo?

Answer 24

inadequate stress, antianginal treatment, mild stenosis, poor image quality, delayed images

Question 25

What are some false positives for stress echo?

Answer 25

abnormal septal motion (LBB), cardiomyopathies, hypertensive response to stress

Question 26

Which M-mode view to we just acquire, no measurements

Answer 26

the mitral valve

Question 27

In M-mode at the aortic root, what structures are also seen?

Answer 27

RVOT, ascending aorta, RCC and NCC, LA

Question 28

When is the aortic root measured?

Answer 28

end-diastole

Question 29

When is the LA measured?

Answer 29

end-systole

Question 30

What would indicate aortic stenosis during m-mode?

Answer 30

calcified, bright, multiple lines during systole and diastole

Question 31

Which leaflet of the MV moves in a mirror image?

Answer 31

the posterior leaflet

Question 32

What does the D-E point reflect on the mitral valve?

Answer 32

the excursion of the MV leaflet - rapid filling of the LV

Question 33

What does the E-F point reflect on the mitral valve?

Answer 33

the rate of LV filling or LA emptying

Question 34

What does the A point correspond with on the mitral valve?

Answer 34

the p wave of the ECG and reflects filling during atrial systole

Question 35

What does C and D reflect on the mitral valve?

Answer 35

systole when the valve is closed

Question 36

When looking at m-mode, how do we know there is MV prolapse?

Answer 36

bowing of the leaflet (not-mirror image)

Question 37

What are the two biggest indicators of mitral stenosis in m-mode

Answer 37

thickened leaflets and PMVL moves anteriorly

Question 38

Where does MV stenosis occur?

Answer 38

at the commissural edges

Question 39

What is the mitral valve B notch?

Answer 39

When the MV doesn’t close. Indicates elevated LV end diastolic pressure. LV dilated

Question 40

What indicates HOCM

Answer 40

Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH), Mid systolic closure of the aortic valve, and systolic anterior motion of the MV (SAM)

Question 41

What is HOCM?

Answer 41

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. When the LA pressure is lower than the LV pressure. Pulls the AMVL into the outflow tract