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Bio-105 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Energy can be converted between forms.

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2
Q

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Conversion of energy from one form to another results in a loss of energy as heat.

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3
Q

Entropy is…

A

The byproduct of the use and conversion of energy.

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4
Q

What do all organic things have/had in them?

A

Oxygen and Hydrogen.

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4
Q

What needs to happen to release energy?

A

Break ATP bonds.

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4
Q

What does ATP become after the bond is broken?

A

ADP.

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4
Q

What are the monomers of carbohydrates called?

A

Monosaccharides.

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5
Q

What are the monomers of lipids/fats called?

A

Glycerol.

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5
Q

What are the polymers of lipids/fats called?

A

Triglycerides.

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5
Q

What are the polymers of carbohydrates called?

A

Polysaccharides.

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6
Q

What are the monomers of protein called?

A

Amino Acids.

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7
Q

What are the polymers of protiens called?

A

Polypeptides/Proteins.

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8
Q

Dehydration Synthesis…

A

Joins monomers into polymers.

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9
Q

Hydrolysis…

A

Breaks polymers into monomers.

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10
Q

Which nutrient is the easiest to be absorbed (preferred energy source)?

A

Carbohydrates.

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11
Q

Carbohydrates are hydrophobic…

A

False.

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12
Q

How many types of carbohydrates are talked about?

A

3.

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13
Q

There are 3 different types of lipids talked about…

A

True.

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14
Q

Cholesterol is a type of…

A

Lipid.

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15
Q

Triglycerides (lipids) function as…

A

Energy storage.

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16
Q

Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic.

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17
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids…

A
  • Carbons only bond to hydrogens
  • Less hydrophobic
  • Form bent chains
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17
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A
  • Carbons are bound to two carbons and two hydrogens
  • Hydrophobic
  • Form long straight chains
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18
Q

Lipids are used for…

A

Long-term storage.

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19
Q

What links amino acids together to make polypeptides?

A

Peptide bonds.

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19
Q

Amino Acids are made of…

A
  • A central carbon linked to an amino group
  • A carboxyl group
  • A variable R group
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20
Q

Which nutrient takes the longest to digest?

A

Proteins.

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21
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Physically breaking down food substances into smaller particles to more efficiently undergo chemical digestion.

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22
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Process that breaks down nutrients using enzymes.

23
Q

What is the role of the mouth, a major organ of digestion, during the process of digestion?

A

Mechanically and chemically breaks down food.

24
Q

What is the role of the esophagus, a major organ of digestion, during the process of digestion?

A

Transport food to the stomach.

25
Q

What is the role of the small intestine, a major organ of digestion, during the process of digestion?

A

MAJOR organ of digestion and absorption.

25
Q

What is the role of the stomach, a major organ of digestion, during the process of digestion?

A

Mechanically mixes food into chyme.

26
Q

What is the role of the liver, a secondary organ of digestion, during the process of digestion?

A
  • Produces bile and processes
  • Stores nutrients
27
Q

What is the role of the large intestine, a major organ of digestion, during the process of digestion?

A
  • Eliminates indigestible materials
  • Reabsorbs water
28
Q

What is the role of the pancreas, a secondary organ of digestion, during the process of digestion?

A
  • Produces digestive enzymes for the small intestine
  • Regulates blood sugar levels
28
Q

What is the role of the Gallblader, a secondary organ of digestion, during the process of digestion?

A

Stores bile.

29
Q

These are fingerlike projections inside the small intestine that increase surface area and absorption?

A

Micro Villi.

30
Q

What nutrients enter the circulatory system?

A

Carbohydrates and proteins.

31
Q

What nutrients enter the lymphatic system?

A

Lipids/ fatty acids.

32
Q

What do lacteals do?

A

Transport fat-soluble molecules.

33
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A catalysts, also a protein that speed up chemical reactions.

34
Q

Substrates bind to enzymes where?

A

Active site.

34
Q

Enzymes are not altered or used up during reactions so…

A

They can be used multiple times.

35
Q

What do enzymes lower

A

Energy needed to produce chemical reactions.

36
Q

What regulates enzymes?

A

Temperature and PH.

37
Q

What happens if an enzyme goes into an area that is ideal for them?

A

They can be denatured.

38
Q

What digestive enzymes are first used to break down carbohydrates?

A

Amylase.

38
Q

What digestive enzymes are used secondly to further break down carbohydrates?

A

Maltas.

39
Q

What digestive enzymes are first used to break down proteins?

A

Trypsin.

40
Q

What digestive enzymes are first used to break down lipids/fats?

A

Bile.

40
Q

What digestive enzymes are used secondly to further break down proteins?

A

Peptidase.

41
Q

What digestive enzymes are used secondly to further break down proteins?

A

Lipase.

42
Q

What are the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?

A
  • Lack a nucleus
  • Lack organelles
43
Q

What are the characteristics of a eukaryotic cell?

A

Contain membrane-bound nucleus organelles.

44
Q

What 2 places can energy be converted into chemical (ATP) energy is…

A

Cytoplasm (plant) and mitochondria.

45
Q

What is the function of the nucleus organelle in a cell?

A
  • Information processing
  • Holds genetic information
46
Q

What is the function of the ribosome organelle in a cell?

A
  • Information processing
  • Genetic information is used to make protein
47
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria organelle in a cell?

A
  • Converts energy into ATP
48
Q

What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) organelle in a cell?

A
  • Rough ER produces proteins
  • Smooth ER produces lipids and carbohydrates
49
Q

What is the function of the lysosome organelle in a cell?

A

Digestion of incoming nutrients

50
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane organelle in a cell?

A

Regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.

51
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus organelle in a cell?

A
  • processes molecules
  • sorts molecules
  • Transports molecules
52
Q

What is the function of the centrioles organelle in a cell?

A

Helps cells divide, or make copies of themselves

53
Q

What is the byproduct made when the mitochondria produces ATP?

A

CO2

54
Q
A
54
Q
A
55
Q
A
56
Q
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57
Q
A
58
Q
A
59
Q
A

Bio-105 (1 decks)

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