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1613: Physics > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the fundamental building blocks of nature?

A

Atoms

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2
Q

Fundamental Atom Structure:

A

Nucleus: Protons and Neutrons
Electron Shells: Electrons

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3
Q

3 basic terms to describe an atom:

A
  1. Atomic Number
  2. Atomic Mass
  3. Atomic Weight
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4
Q

What is Atomic Number?

A

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

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5
Q

Different ways of saying Atomic Number:

A
  • Z-Number
  • Proton Number
  • Atomic Number
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6
Q

Where can the atomic number of an element be found?

A

Periodic Table

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7
Q

How is the atomic number of an atom indicated in the periodic table?

A

Superscript

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8
Q

What is the Atomic Mass?

A

The mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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9
Q

Is the atomic mass a precise number?

A

Yes

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10
Q

How is atomic mass indicated?

A

An exact number with a decimal

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11
Q

What is atomic weight?

A

The total number of protons and neutrons present within the nucleus of an atom.

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12
Q

Which atoms are electrically neutral?

A

Stable atoms

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13
Q

The outer shell of an electron never contains more than 8 atoms. What is this rule?

A

Octet Rule

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14
Q

The atomic number (z) of an atom is equal to the number of _____ in its nucleus.

A

Protons

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15
Q

Max number of electrons per shell =

A

2n squared

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16
Q

Ionization steps

A

1) Ionizing radiation hits an electron
2) Electron is knocked out of orbit
3) Ion pair remains

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17
Q

Ion Pair

A

Atom (+1)
Free Electron (-1)

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18
Q

What is an Ion?

A

An atom that gains or loses an electron

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19
Q

Types of Ionizing Radiation

A

1) Particulate Radiation
2) Electromagnetic Radiation

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20
Q

Particulate Radiation acts as ____

A

Particles

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21
Q

What particles are in particulate radiation?

A

Alpha Particles
Beta Particles

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22
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation acts as ___

A

Waves and Particles

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23
Q

2 types of Electromagnetic Radiation

A

X-rays
Gamma Rays

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24
Q

Are X-rays and Gamma Rays capable of ionizing?

A

Yes

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25
Q

Gamma Rays origin

A

Within the nucleus

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26
Q

X-rays origin

A

Outside of the nucleus within the electron shells

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27
Q

The 3 atomic forces that influence the behavior of the fundamental particles:

A
  1. Strong Nuclear Force
  2. Centripetal Force
  3. Centrifugal Force
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28
Q

Definition of Strong Nuclear Force:

A

Force associated with protons and neutrons within the nucleus

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29
Q

Definition of Centripetal Force

A

Force involving the nucleus and the orbiting electrons

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30
Q

Definition of Centrifugal Force

A

Involves just the electrons

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31
Q

Quarks:

A

Exchange force carrying particles between each other to give rise to the strong force.

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32
Q

Gluons:

A

The force carrying particles

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33
Q

What makes up protons and neutrons?

A

Quarks

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34
Q

Which atomic force only operates at extremely small distances?

A

Strong Nuclear Force

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35
Q

The force of attractions between protons and neutrons

A

Strong Nuclear Force

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36
Q

Protons could not live in the nucleus without the force of attraction with the ____

A

Neutrons

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37
Q

Which atomic force is the strongest attractive force?

A

Strong Nuclear Force

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38
Q

Which atomic force is 137x more powerful than electromagnetic?

A

Strong Nuclear Force

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39
Q

Why can’t electromagnetic hold neutrons to protons?

A

Neutrons aren’t charged

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40
Q

What is the center seeking force involving the nucleus and electrons?

A

Centripetal Force

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41
Q

With Centripetal Force, the negative electrons are pulled towards _____

A

The positive nucleus

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42
Q

A force that acts to pull a spinning objects away from the center

A

Centrifugal Force

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43
Q

Which force balances Centripetal Force and pulls away from the nucleus?

A

Centrifugal Force

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44
Q

3 Types of Energy

A
  1. Nuclear Binding Energy
  2. Electron Binging Energy
  3. Kinetic Energy of Electrons
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45
Q

What is Nuclear Binding Energy?

A

The minimum energy that would be required to disassemble the nucleus of an atom into its component parts.

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46
Q

What is Electron Binding Energy?

A

The energy required to keep electrons within their orbital shells

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47
Q

Electron Binding Energy depends on what 2 factors?

A
  1. Distance away from the nucleus
    • an electron closer to the nucleus will have a higher electron binding energy.
  2. Total number of electrons within the atom.
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48
Q

K-shell binding energies increase as _____ increases

A

Atomic Number (Z)

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49
Q

What is the Kinetic Energy of Electrons?

A

The amount of energy associated with an electrons motion.

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50
Q

The faster an object moves, the more _____ it possesses.

A

Energy

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51
Q

As electron shell radius increases, ____ _____ increases

A

Electron Velocity

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52
Q

Do electrons in outer orbits travel faster or slower?

A

Faster

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53
Q

Do innermost shells move fastest or slowest?

A

Slowest

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54
Q

Why do the innermost shells move slowest?

A

Have little kinetic energy

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55
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

The outermost shell of an atom

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56
Q

What is Radioactivity?

A

The rate of decay or disintegration of radioactive material

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57
Q

Atoms are either ____ or _____

A

Stable or Unstable

58
Q

Atoms are stable if:

A

The forces among the particles that make up the nucleus are balanced

59
Q

If atoms are unstable, they are ____

A

Radioactive

60
Q

An atom is unstable if:

A

The forces are unbalanced - if the nucleus has an excess of internal energy

61
Q

What may cause the instability of an atom’s nucleus?

A

An excess of either neutrons or protons

62
Q

How does a radioactive atom attempt to reach stability?

A

By throwing off nucleons (protons or neutrons), or by releasing energy in other forms.

63
Q

What is Radioactive Decay?

A

The process by which atoms with unstable nuclei emit excess energy.

64
Q

What are Radionuclides?

A

Nuclear arrangement resulting in radioactivity

65
Q

Radionuclides can release either _____ or ____

A

Particles or Photons

66
Q

Any time a photon comes from the nucleus, it is a _____

A

Gamma Ray

67
Q

If Radionuclides release a small amount, it is releasing

A

Photons

68
Q

If Radionuclides release a large amount of, they’re releasing,

A

Particles

69
Q

What is Radioactive Half-Life?

A

The time required for a quantity of radioactivity to be reduced to one-half of its original value

70
Q

How is radioactive half life represented?

A

T 1/2

71
Q

How is radioactivity measured?

A

Becquerels

72
Q

What are the 2 ways a radionuclide can release radiation from the nucleus?

A
  1. Particles
    (Particulate Radiation: Alpha or Beta particles)
  2. Energy
    (Electromagnetic Radiation: Gamma Rays (photons))
73
Q

What is Particulate Radiation?

A

The release of particles from the nucleus

74
Q

2 main types of Particulate Radiation?

A
  1. Alpha Particles
  2. Beta Particles
75
Q

What are Alpha Particles?

A

Particles consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons and 0 electrons

76
Q

Alpha Particles are also referred to as

A

“helium nucleus”

77
Q

Alpha Particles symbol

A

ą

78
Q

Alpha Particles charge

A

+2 (double positive charge)

79
Q

Alpha Particles atomic mass number

A

4

80
Q

Alpha Particles
Total Energy:
Range:
Origin:

A

Total Energy: 4-7 mev

Range: 1-10 cm. in air (then slows down, picks up 2 electrons, and becomes a helium atom)

Origin: Heavy radioactive nuclei

81
Q

Alpha particles are highly ionizing, attracts electrons, electron static attraction

A
82
Q

What particles can be stopped very easily?

A

Alpha Particles

83
Q

Least penetrating form of ionizing radiation

A

Alpha Particles

84
Q

Most damaging form of ionizing radiation

A

Alpha particles

85
Q

Why are alpha particles the most damaging?

A

Due to the amount of concentrated energy that is deposited

86
Q

What is Alpha Emission?

A

Throwing out of neutrons or protons from the nucleus of a heavy atom

87
Q

When particles are thrown out, what happens to the element?

A

It changes it

88
Q

Anytime you have excess energy in the nucleus that is greater than the binding energy, it can’t contain it and it throws out particles.

A
89
Q

Always 2 ____ and 2 ____ for an alpha particle

A

Protons and Neutrons

90
Q

What are Beta Particles?

A

Particles emitted from the nucleus that resemble electrons.

91
Q

How do beta particles resemble electrons?

A

Same size and atomic mass, but different origin and energy.

92
Q

High speed electrons released from the nucleus of a radioactive material

A

Beta particles

93
Q

Beta Particles symbol

A

B

94
Q

Beta particles have which charge?

A

Can be positive or negative

95
Q

Beta Particles

Charge:

Atomic Mass Number:

A

Charge: -1 or +1

Atomic Mass Number: 0

96
Q

Beta Particles

Total Energy:
Range:
Origin:

A

Total Energy: 0-7 mev

Range: 0-10 meters in air (then slow down)

Origin: Radioactive nuclei

97
Q

Why are beta particles less damaging than alpha particles?

A

Due to less energy being deposited in as concentrated of an area

98
Q

Beta Particles are strong and penetrating

A
99
Q

What can stop Beta Particles?

A

Aluminum

100
Q

Penetration and damage have a ____ relationship

A

Indirect

101
Q

List the subatomic particles that comprise a typical atom:

A

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

102
Q

Define “Atomic Number”

A

The number of protons within the nucleus of an atom.

103
Q

Define “Atomic Mass”

A

The mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

104
Q

Define “Atomic Weight”

A

Total number of protons and neutrons present within the nucleus of an atom.

105
Q

Define “Z-Number”

A

Number of protons in an atom.

106
Q

Define “Valence Shell”

A

The outermost shell of an atom

107
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons possible in the “P” shell?

A

72

108
Q

Define “Ionization”

A

The addition or removal of an atom

109
Q

List two things that distinguish alpha and beta particles from x-rays:

A

Particles originate from inside the nucleus as an unstable atom.

Particles have mass, which means they can be slowed down.

Particles have charges, and x-rays do not.

110
Q

List the one thing that distinguishes a gamma ray from an x-ray:

A

Origin

111
Q

Define centrifugal force

A

A force that acts to pull a spinning object away from the center.

111
Q

Define Electron Binding Energy

A

The energy required to keep electrons within their orbital shells.

Energy increases from inner to outer

112
Q

Define “Centripetal Force”

A

Center-seeking force involving the nucleus and electrons.

112
Q

Define “Octet Rule”

A

The maximum number of electrons allowed in the valence shell of any atom is 8.

Can have a number other than 8, but 8 is the max

113
Q

Define “Radioactivity”

A

The rate of decay or disintegration of radioactive material.

113
Q

Define “Radionuclide”

A

Nuclear arrangement resulting in radioactivity.

113
Q

Which form of particulate radiation can be stopped with a piece of paper?

A

Alpha Particles

113
Q

Define “Radioactive Half-life”

A

The time required for a quantity of radioactivity to be reduced one-half of its original value.

113
Q

Which form of ionizing radiation is the most damaging?

A

Alpha

114
Q

Why does increasing kVp improve the average quality of the primary beam?

A

Increased kev of the electrons/photons

114
Q

Which form of photon production involves the process of ionization?

A

Characteristic

115
Q

What percentage of the primary beam will be made of characteristic photons with a kVp setting of 65?

A

0

115
Q

Which shell is shell 1?

A

K

115
Q

We use the term “kev” to discuss?

A

Kinetic energy of electrons from cathode to anode.

Kinetic energy of electrons in the shell.

Kinetic energy of the resulting x-ray photons.

115
Q

Why is tungsten an “efficient” producer of x-ray photons?

A

High z-number (makes it more attractive)

High melting point

115
Q

The production of a bremsstrahlung photon involves an interaction between an incident electron and what else?

A

The nucleus of a tungsten atom.

115
Q

Which portion of the primary beam is the “discrete” portion?

A

Characteristic

70 kvp = 10%
100 kvp = 15%

115
Q

Define “electromotive force”

A

Another term for kVp/potential difference.

Voltage of the tube.

115
Q

What is the max number of electrons that can be in “K” shell?

A

2

115
Q

Which shell is shell 2?

A

L

115
Q

Which shell is shell 5?

A

O

116
Q

Which shell is shell 3?

A

M

116
Q

What is the max number of electrons that can be in “L” shell?

A

8

116
Q

Which shell is shell 4?

A

N

116
Q

Which shell is shell 6?

A

P

116
Q

What is the max number of electrons that can be in “N” shell?

A

32

116
Q

Which shell is shell 7?

A

Q

117
Q

What is the max number of electrons that can be in “M” shell?

A

18

117
Q

What is the max number of electrons that can be in “O” shell?

A

50

117
Q

What is the max number of electrons that can be in “P” shell?

A

72

117
Q

What is the max number of electrons that can be in “Q” shell?

A

98

1613: Physics (3 decks)

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