Unit 1 Flashcards
noun
a young person who is developing into an adult
adolescent
/ædal’esant/
He looked uncomfortable, like a self-conscious adolescent who’s gone to the wrong party.
noun
a particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behaviour
trait
/treit/
“There are traits that are found in most dictators in the world.”
Adjective
feeling worried about something that you are going to do or that is going to happen:
apprehensive
/æpri’hensiv/
I’m very apprehensive about tomorrow’s meeting.
I’ve invited a lot of people to the party, but I’m a little apprehensive that no one will come.
Adjective
Someone who behaves confidently and is not frightened to say what they want or believe:
C2
assertive
/ǝ’s3:tiv/
If you really want the promotion, you’ll have to be more assertive.
Adjective
- A …… person often has accidents because they do not behave in a careful, controlled way.
- awkward in movement or manner
C2
clumsy
/’klamzi/
- That’s the third glass you’ve smashed this week - you’re so clumsy!
- The first mobile phones were heavy and clumsy to use, but nowadays they are much easier to handle.
Adjective . disapproving
Believing that people are only interested in themselves and are not sincere
C2
cynical
/’sınıkǝl/
She has a pretty cynical view of men.
I’ve always been deeply cynical about politicians.
Adjective
Considering yourself to be better or more important than other people
egotistical
also egotistic
/,i:gau’tistikal/
He has a rather cocky and egotistical personality.
Adjective
Easily deceived or tricked, and too willing to believe everything that other people say.
SYNONYM naive
gullible
/’galibǝl/
SYNONYM naive
There are any number of miracle cures on the market for people gullible enough to buy them.
Americans aren’t as gullible as the left seems to think we are
Adjective . disapproving
not thinking or worrying about other people or their feelings:
C1
Synonym : selfish
Opposite : considerate
inconsiderate
/inkǝn’sıdǝrǝt/
Synonym : selfish
Opposite : considerate
Our neighbours are very inconsiderate - they’re always playing loud music late at night.
Adjective
Having confidence in your own abilities.
self-assured
/selfǝ’Jǝ:d/
The interview showed her as a self-assured and mature student
Adjective
Only interested in yourself and your own activities
self-absorbed
/selfǝb’zɔ:bd/
Henry is so self-absorbed it’s a miracle anyone bothers with him at all
Adjective
Only interested in yourself and your own activities
self-centred
/,self’sentad/
Robert is a self-centred, ambitious, and bigoted man
Adjective . disapproving
praising yourself or saying how well you have done something
self-congratulatory
/ˌself.kənˌɡrætʃ.əˈleɪ.tər.i/
The team’s self-congratulatory attitude after a minor victory seemed premature.
Adjective
Trying to make yourself, your abilities, or your achievements seem less important
self-deprecating
/self’deprǝkeitin/
He seems to understand the right balance of self-deprecation to mild insult to tell effective jokes in the workplace
Adjective
someone who believes that they are more important or have a higher value than other people;
It is often used to describe individuals who act as if they are more important than others
self-important
/selfim’po:tant/
“He never comes across as pompous or self-important.
I look at these very serious, self-important people, and I just don’t want to be like that.”.
Adjective
careful not to say or do anything that could upset someone
tactful
/’tæktfǝl/
They are tactful and attend to the face wants of their friends and themselves.
It is only after patient and tactful probing that reliable information can be obtained.
Adjective
A well-adjusted person is reasonable and has good judgment, and their behaviour is not difficult or strange
well-adjusted
/wela’d3Astid/
He is a quiet, well-adjusted man.
The hands in their well-adjusted gloves were large even for her unusual height.
She had long since abandoned any hope of Madeleine being, even by stretching the norm, a well-adjusted girl.
Adjective
comes from a family that has a high social position and behaves in a way that is generally considered correct and polite.
well-bred
/,wel’bred/
Equally pleased with each other’s externals, we were soon familiar: he was witty, sarcastic, and well-bred.
Both men were well-bred products of the best schools.
Adjective
People, especially children, who are polite and act in a quiet and pleasant way, because they have been taught this behaviour at home
well-brought-up
/welbro:t ‘Ap/
Despite the family’s problems, the children were well brought up.
He was a very well-brought-up young man.
Adjective
Wearing attractive and stylish clothes
well-dressed
/wel’drest/
“Caricaturists and satirists appealed to their patrons, mocking the stylish servant, the well-dressed sailor, the respectable shopkeeper.”
“Although there is nothing desperately original about the basics of the exercises, they are well-dressed, with an historical twist.”
“On his way around the hospital, the boy glances into the hospital’s chapel, where he sees the well-dressed man sitting alone.”
“And in the last scene they returned, well-dressed and smoking cigarettes, for a final song.”
adjective
talking a lot
talkative
/ˈtɔː.kə.tɪv/
- She’s a lively, talkative person.
- Cynthia is lively and talkative.
adjective
strange or unusual, sometimes in a humorous way:
eccentric
/ɪkˈsen.trɪk/
- eccentric behaviour
- eccentric clothes
- My mother is something of an eccentric
adjective
Happy and positive. It is used to describe a place or thing that is bright and pleasant and makes you feel positive and happy
cheerful
/ˈtʃɪə.fəl/
“He’s usually fairly cheerful.”
“You’re in a cheerful mood this morning.”
“She manages to stay cheerful (= happy and positive) despite everything.”
“The doctor’s waiting room was bright and cheerful with yellow walls and curtains.”
adjective
Not good at making decisions, or not producing a decision.
indecisive
/ˌɪn.dɪˈsaɪ.sɪv/
“He is widely thought to be an indecisive leader.”
“We cannot be resolute in our remarks, but indecisive when it comes to taking action.”
“They are sometimes a little hesitant, sometimes a little indecisive.”
adjective
worried and nervous. It can also mean being eager to do something
anxious
/ˈæŋk.ʃəs/
“My mother always gets a bit anxious if we don’t arrive when we say we will”
“I’m anxious to get home to open my presents”.
pleasant and attractive. It can be used to describe people who use their attractiveness to influence people or to make other people like them.
charming
/ˈtʃɑː.mɪŋ/
“We had dinner with our director and his charming wife”
“What a charming street this is”
adjective
Behaving calmly because you have no doubts about your ability or knowledge.
self-confident
/ˌselfˈkɒn.fɪ.dənt/
“At school he was popular and self-confident, and we weren’t surprised at his later success.”
“He was self-confident and sure he’d get the job.”
adjective
polite word for old:
B1
elderly
/ˈel.dɚ.li/
I used to live next door to an elderly lady who had about 20 cats!
elderly relatives/parents.
William is nearly 50, and his parents are elderly.
phrasal verb with turn
to not allow someone to enter a place:
turn someone away
/tɜːn
She could never turn away a stray animal-she said she preferred them to people.
They turned us away at the entrance because we didn’t have tickets.
adjective
(of an animal) having no home, or lost:
stray
/streɪ/
She could never turn away a stray animal-she said she preferred them to people.
phrasal verb . Intransitive
to talk in a friendly, informal way to someone;
to talk continuously or repeatedly, often in a busy or eager manner
chat away (to/with somebody)
/tʃæt əˈweɪ/
- She’d been born and raised in that house and she’d walk around the garden chatting away happily to all her cats.
- Within minutes of being introduced they were chatting away like old friends.
phrasal verb (intransitive and inseparable)
To lose your balance after knocking your foot against something when you are walking or running, or to cause someone to do this.
trip over
/trɪp ˈəʊ.vər/
She made me laugh because she was always bumping into things or tripping over.
phrasal verb with bump verb
- to hit something with force
- to meet someone unexpectedly
- bump into (something)
- bump into (someone)
/bʌmp ˈɪn.tuː/
- She made me laugh because she was always bumping into things or tripping over.
- We bumped into Kayla in a shop.
noun
a plain or lipped tube usually of thin glass closed at one end and used especially in chemistry and biology
test tube
One day, in biology, she managed to break five test tubes!
adjective
very unhappy:
B1
miserable
/ˈmɪz.ər.ə.bəl/
I know she’s always there for me, and you can never feel miserable around her because she’s always smiling.
verb [ T ]
to say or write what someone or something is like:
A2
describe
/dɪˈskraɪb/
I’d like to describe someone I used to work with. He made my job quite difficult because he couldn’t work independently at all.
idiom
to decide what to do or choose:
make up your mind
/meɪk ʌp jɔːr maɪnd/
The main problem was that, if he had to choose between two or three different options, he just couldn’t make his mind up, so I would have to help him or choose for him.
self-conscious
/ˈsen.sə.bəl/
someone or something that is based on or acting on good judgment and practical ideas or understanding.
sensible
/ˈsen.sə.bəl/
“a sensible answer / approach / compromise / option”
“It would be sensible to take an umbrella”
adjective
liked by many people:
well-liked
/ˌwel ˈlaɪkt/
According to Ms Hawke, students who are well-liked tend to mix with others who are well-liked.
Being well-liked tells us more about someone’s true character than being popular.
Would you prefer to be ‘popular’ or ‘well-liked’?
Vocabulary note
The words personality and character are very close in meaning but they are not always used in the same way:
(……….1) = the way you behave, feel and think, especially socially.
(………2) = a combination of qualities which make someone different from other people.
(……….3) = things that are typical or noticeable about a person or thing (it can be a noun or an adjective).
- Personality
- Character
- Characteristic
noun
the way you behave, feel and think, especially socially.
personality
/ˌpɜː.sənˈæl.ə.ti/
- She has a very warm personality.
- He is well qualified for the job, but he does lack personality (= he is a boring person).
noun
a combination of qualities which make someone different from other people.
character
/ˈkær.ək.tər/
One of the joys of being a parent is watching the child’s character develop.
noun [ C ] / adjective
things that are typical or noticeable about a person or thing (it can be a noun or an ).
C2(adj)
B2(n)
characteristic
/ˌkær.ək.təˈrɪs.tɪk/
- (noun) Curly hair is one of my family characteristics.
- (adjective) She behaved with characteristic dignity.
adjective
someone who does not need help or support from other people
self-reliant
/ˌself.rɪˈlaɪ.ənt/
“Single parents have to be self-reliant and inventive.”
adjective
someone who behaves in a way that is accepted as correct
well-behaved
/ˌwel bɪˈheɪvd/
“Our kids are normally well behaved.”
adjective
someone who has had a good education
well-educated
/ˌwel ˈed.jʊ.keɪ.tɪd/
“Well-educated and highly motivated workers.”
adjective
Having a lot of knowledge or information about a particular subject or things in general
well-informed
/ˌwel ɪnˈfɔːmd/
“He was well informed and shrewd, with good, calm judgment.
How well informed is the customer about the range, quality, and cost of the products on offer?”
adjective
Behaving in a pleasant and polite way.
well-mannered
/ˌwel ˈmæn.əd/
“The other visitors were too well-mannered to complain”
adjective
Involving or having experience in a wide range of ideas or activities
well-rounded
/ˌwel ˈraʊn.dɪd/
“The article is well rounded and is fair to both sides of the dispute”3
adjective
worth having and wanted by most people:
B2
desirable
/dɪˈzaɪə.rə.bəl/
A new study from The Australian National University (ANU) has shown that for Canberra’s young people, being well-liked is much more desirable than being popular
noun [ U ]
the fact that something or someone is liked, enjoyed, or supported by many people:
B2
popularity
/ˌpɒp.jəˈlær.ə.ti/
It found that adolescents saw being popular and being well-liked as two very different things, and that young people may not see popularity as a desirable trait.
It is the first Australian study to address the issue of popularity and what it means to young people.
noun
The behaviour of a person who hurts or frightens someone smaller or less powerful, often forcing that person to do something they do not want to do
bullying
/ˈbʊl.i.ɪŋ/
Both boys and girls agreed that many popular teenagers are disliked by the year group as a whole,’ said Ms Hawke. “This can be for several reasons such as bullying, having an attitude of superiority and disrupting the classroom.
“Bullying is a problem in many schools”
noun
The quality of being better than average, or better than others of the same type
superiority
/suːˌpɪə.riˈɒr.ə.ti/
Both boys and girls agreed that many popular teenagers are disliked by the year group as a whole,’ said Ms Hawke. “This can be for several reasons such as bullying, having an attitude of superiority and disrupting the classroom.
“The Australian team soon demonstrated their superiority over the opposition.”
“Her sense of superiority makes her very unpopular.”
verb
To prevent something, especially a system, process, or event, from continuing as usual or as expected
disrupting
/dɪsˈrʌp.ʃən/
Both boys and girls agreed that many popular teenagers are disliked by the year group as a whole,’ said Ms Hawke.
“This can be for several reasons such as bullying, having an attitude of superiority and disrupting the classroom.
“Heavy snow disrupted travel into the city this morning.”
“The meeting was disrupted by a group of protesters who shouted and threw fruit at the speaker.”
verb [ T ]
to think of or represent someone or something as better than that person or thing really is:
idealise
/aɪˈdɪə.laɪz/
(US usually idealize)
She added that the results indicate that ‘popular’ students are not idealised in the way that popular culture sometimes portrays, and that once other students are aware that many ‘popular’ students are not liked by others in the year group, it is possible that they will lose the power they are perceived to have.
verb [ T ]
to represent or describe someone or something in a painting, film, book, or other artistic work:
C2
portray
/pɔːˈtreɪ/
She added that the results indicate that ‘popular’ students are not idealised in the way that popular culture sometimes portrays, and that once other students are aware that many ‘popular’ students are not liked by others in the year group, it is possible that they will lose the power they are perceived to have.
verb [ T ]
to come to an opinion about something, or have a belief about something:
C1
perceive
/pəˈsiːv/
She added that the results indicate that ‘popular’ students are not idealised in the way that popular culture sometimes portrays, and that once other students are aware that many ‘popular’ students are not liked by others in the year group, it is possible that they will lose the power they are perceived to have.
phrasal verb , inseparable, transitive
to be the right size or shape for someone or something:
fit into
aslo fit
/fɪt ˈɪn.tuː/
It seems that being popular is about the group that you fit into, whereas being well-liked is about the individual person’s inherent characteristics.
noun
The ability to learn, understand, and make judgments or have opinions that are based on reason
intelligence
/ɪnˈtel.ɪ.dʒəns/
Howard Gardner - Frames of Mind (1983) identified seven types of intelligence:
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Spatial
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Musical
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
“I can’t believe that someone of his intelligence can read such trash!”
“He believes that all children are born with equal intelligence.”
adjective
connected with the ability to know where the parts of your body are and how they are moving:
kinaesthetic
UK /ˌkɪn.isˈθet.ɪk/
(US kinesthetic)
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (body smart): This type of intelligence entails the potential of using one’s whole body or parts of the body to solve problems or fashion products.
NOUN:kinaesthesia
phrase. psychology
This refers to the ability to understand and interact effectively with others. It involves effective verbal and nonverbal communication, the ability to note distinctions among others, sensitivity to the moods and temperaments of others, and the ability to entertain multiple perspectives.
interpersonal intelligence
/ˌɪn.təˈpɜː.sən.əl ɪnˈtel.ɪ.dʒəns/
the final two intelligences are ‘interpersonal’ - describing someone who is aware of the feelings of others - and ‘intrapersonal’, which concerns self-awareness. Over the years, researchers have put forward other types of intelligence to add to this list, but these are usually ignored as they tend to be rather complex and less easily defined.
phrase. psychology
This refers to the ability to understand and analyze one’s own emotions, motives, desires, and thoughts. It involves self-reflection, self-inquiry, and self-analysis.
intrapersonal intelligence
/ˌɪn.trəˈpɜː.sən.əl ɪnˈtel.ɪ.dʒəns
the final two intelligences are ‘interpersonal’ - describing someone who is aware of the feelings of others - and ‘intrapersonal’, which concerns self-awareness. Over the years, researchers have put forward other types of intelligence to add to this list, but these are usually ignored as they tend to be rather complex and less easily defined.
People with high intrapersonal intelligence are often self-disciplined, self-motivated, and have a good understanding of themselves.
phrase. psychology
the ability to understand and use spoken and written language. It includes expressing oneself effectively and learning foreign languages.
linguistic intelligence
/lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪk ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/
The multiple intelligence theory first came to light in 1983 in Howard Gardner’s book Frames of Mind. In it, Gardner listed seven types of intelligence. The first of these is termed ‘linguistic, and this describes people who are more interested in the written word and reading.
Writers, poets, lawyers, and speakers often have high linguistic intelligence.
verb [ I ]
to make continuous, small movements, especially if they do not have a particular purpose and you make them without meaning to, for example because you are nervous or bored:
fidget
UK /ˈfɪdʒ.ɪt/
Children can’t sit still for long without fidgeting.
noun
a person who fidgets;
individuals who frequently move or manipulate objects as a means to reduce stress, concentrate, or simply out of habit.
fidgeter
/ˈfɪdʒ.ɪtər/
a kinaesthetic learner is a typical fidgeter and needs active participation. This means they will struggle to learn from a lecture. Instead, kinaesthetic learners could participate in a game or anything that allows them to play an active role in the lesson.
phrase. psychology
the ability to think logically, analyse problems, and understand complex mathematical concepts. It involves identifying logical or numerical patterns and reasoning
Logical Intelligence
/ˈlɒdʒɪkəl ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/
The next kind of intelligence is ‘logical, and this is used to describe people whose strengths are in subjects such as maths and science.
Significance: Logical intelligence is crucial for understanding the world around us, solving problems, and making decisions based on logical reasoning.
phrase. psychology
the capacity to discern pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone.
Musical Intelligence
/ˈmjuːzɪkəl ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/
Famous individuals with high musical intelligence include Ludwig van Beethoven, Michael Jackson, and Jimi Hendrix.
Significance: Musical intelligence allows individuals to appreciate music, identify distinct musical notes, and think in rhythms or melodies.
phrase. psychology
the ability to use the body to express feelings and ideas, as well as the ability to produce or transform things with your hands.
kinaesthetic intelligence
/ˌkɪn.isˈθet.ɪk ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/
Athletes, dancers, artists, mechanics, and surgeons often exhibit high kinaesthetic intelligence.
Significance: Kinaesthetic intelligence allows individuals to express themselves through movement and dance, and is crucial in fields that require good hand-eye coordination and fine motor skills.
phrase. psychology
the capacity to generate, store, retrieve, and transform visual images and sensations. It involves the perception and transformation of visual shapes, forms, or images
visual intelligence
/ˈvɪʒʊəl ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/
After that there is ‘visual’ intelligence, which describes people who are attracted by or drawn to images.
Individuals with high visual intelligence can picture concepts with their mind’s eye and often think visually.
Significance: Visual intelligence plays a crucial role in understanding and interpreting the visual world around us.
