Unit 1

Question 1

In May 1933, ____________ was agreed between Japan and China to formally end the Manchurian invasion. The terms called for the GMD government of China to recognise the state of Manchukuo. China was also to agree to a demilitarised zone extending 100 kilometres south of the Great Wall (i.e. between Beijing and Tianjin).

Answer 1

Tanggu Truce

Question 2

An area in which no military personnel or activities can occur, and no military installations can be built.

Answer 2

demilitarised zone

Question 3

This development in China made it more vulnerable to Japanese aggression after the invasion of Manchuria.

Answer 3

Civil War

Question 4

___________ was a skirmish between Chinese and Japanese troops. It was a trigger for the Second Sino-Japanese War and had far-reaching consequences, contributing to the larger conflict in the Asia-Pacific region during World War II.

Answer 4

The Marco Polo Bridge Incident

Question 5

This was a false flag event staged by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria.

Answer 5

Mukden Incident

Question 6

Invasion of Manchuria

Answer 6

September 18, 1931

Question 7

Start of the Second Sino-Japanese War

Answer 7

July 7, 1937

Question 8

The mass murder of Chinese civilians in _________, the capital of the Republic of China in the Second Sino-Japanese War by the Imperial Japanese Army.

Answer 8

The Rape of Nanjing/ The Massacre of Nanjing

Question 9

Country that Japan fought a war with during 1904-05 for dominance of Korea and Manchuria. Japan won.

Answer 9

Russia (Russo-Japanese war)

Question 10

Japan had an alliance with Britain, and was interested in Germany’s territory in China and the Pacific; Japan declared war on Germany, took control of the territories in China and the Pacific.

Answer 10

Japan in WWI (1914)

Question 11

A set of demands made during WWI by the Empire of Japan to the Republic of China in 1915. These demands would greatly extend Japanese control of China. Japan would keep the former German areas it had conquered at the start of World War I in 1914. It would be strong in Manchuria and South Mongolia. It would have an expanded role in railways. The most extreme demands (in section 5) would give Japan a decisive voice in finance, policing, and government affairs. The last part would make China in effect a protectorate of Japan, and thereby reduce Western influence.

Answer 11

21 Demands

Question 12

During this event, Japan was awarded the previously German province of Shandong, but was unhappy as it did not get a racial equality clause.

Answer 12

Paris Peace Conference of 1919.

Question 13

A period in the history of Japan dating from 30 July 1912 to 25 December 1926, named after this era’s emperor.

Answer 13

Taisho era

Question 14

Emperor of Japan during these the invasion of Manchuria, the Second Sino-Japanese War, and World War II. While he held a largely symbolic role, he played a pivotal role in approving military actions and decisions.

Answer 14

Hirohito

Question 15

A prominent figure during World War II. He served as the Prime Minister of Japan from 1941 to 1944 and played a crucial role in the planning and execution of Japan’s military campaigns.

Answer 15

Hideki Tojo

Question 16

The commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy and is best known for planning the attack on Pearl Harbor, which marked the entry of the United States into World War II.

Answer 16

Isoroku Yamamoto

Question 17

The leader (Prime Minister) of the Nationalist government of China that played a central role in the Second Sino-Japanese War, leading Chinese forces against the Japanese invaders.

Answer 17

Chiang Kai-shek

Question 18

Prominent figure in the early 20th century, often considered the “Father of Modern China.” His ideas and efforts laid the foundation for the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang), which Chiang Kai-shek later led.

Answer 18

Sun Yat-sen

Question 19

The last Emperor of China that later became the puppet ruler of Manchukuo, a Japanese puppet state in Manchuria during the 1930s.

Answer 19

Emperor Puyi

Question 20

Served as Japan’s Prime Minister in the 1930s and was involved in the early stages of Japan’s expansionist policies, including the invasion of Manchuria in 1931.

Answer 20

Prince Fumimaro Konoe

Question 21

Emperor of Japan during the 1920s and played a role in the political developments leading up to Japan’s military actions.

Answer 21

Emperor Taisho

Question 22

A council of elder statesmen that advised the emperor and dominated Japanese government after the introduction of the Meiji constitution in 1889.

Answer 22

Privy Council

Question 23

The national legislature of Japan.

Answer 23

Imperial Diet

Question 24

One of several large capitalist enterprises that developed in Japan after the Meiji Restoration of 1868 and that expanded rapidly during World War I.

Answer 24

zaibatsu

Question 25

Japanese annexation of Taiwan

Answer 25

April 1895

Question 26

Route that Britain and the USA built to transport military supplies to support Nationalist China from 1937-41.

Answer 26

Burma road

Question 27

By how much did the Chinese Red Army increase between 1936 and 1940?

Answer 27

~ 478,000 (22,000-500,000)

Question 28

Country that supplied the Chinese Nationalist government with most of its weapons until 1938

Answer 28

Nazi Germany

Question 29

Soviet reaction to the Second Sino-Japanese war

Answer 29

The Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with China and Japan

Question 30

Second United Front in China

Answer 30

Communist-Kuomintang Alliance

Question 31

What did Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) mean by the following slogan, “first pacify the interior then resist the external [threat]”?

Answer 31

To first defeat the communists in China, then fight Japan

Question 32

An international organisation based in Geneva that was set up to ensure that conflict became unnecessary by providing a forum for states to resolve their problems and provide collective security for its members.

Answer 32

League of Nations

Question 33

Treaty signed under threat of force that effectively meant the end of Japan’s 220-year-old policy of national seclusion by opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American vessels.

Answer 33

Treaty of Kanagawa ( 31 March 1854)

Question 34

The final proposal delivered to the Empire of Japan by the United States of America before the attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941). This text repeats previous American demands for Japan to withdraw from China and from French Indochina. The USA would go to war with Japan if they did not agree to the ten points made.

Answer 34

Hull Note

Question 35

A series of embargoes against Japan by foreign nations, including the United States of America, Britain, China, and the Dutch.

Answer 35

ABCD powers