unit 1 Flashcards
Definition of Development
growing up and maturing with age
P.I.E.S Development
Physical, Intellectual, Emotional, Social
Physical Development
includes growth and maturation of bones, motor skills and senses
Intellectual Development
includes the maturation of mental processes like learning, imagination, memory and perception
Emotional Development
the maturation and evolution of emotions, social skills, identity, personality and morals
Social Development
includes the evolution of knowledge of how people interact, play, share, take turns or talk socially
Growth vs. Maturation
Growth: physical changes: size, height, and weight
Maturation: a series of biological changes in a child providing new abilities
Prenatal Period
physical: development happens in the womb, rapid cell division and organ information
intellectual:
emotional: dependent on mothers
social:
Infancy
(0-2)
physical: rapid physical growth: bones, hair, nails, eyesight
intellectual: exploring the world through sensory experiences limited communication
emotional: dependent on caregivers for basic needs, attached to caregivers
social: surrounded by (mostly) family
Toddler
(2-3)
physical: grows taller, teeth starts to come in
intellectual: increase in mobility and independence, language skills develop, curiosity and exploration of the environment
emotional: detachments from caregivers start, begans to become their own person with their own emotions
social: self-identity
Early Childhood
(3-7)
physical: grows in height and weight, loses baby teeth
intellectual: develpment of motor skills and cognitive abilities, continued language development, expanding vocabularies
emotional: more independent
social: school, play-based learning
Childhood
(8-12)
physical:
intellectual: education continues to play a central role, advanced cognitive development: logical thinking
emotional: independence and responsibility
social: hobbies become more defined, develop deeper friendships
Adolescence
(13-18)
physical: puberty: body hair, breast development, periods, hormonal changes, personal styles
intellectual: more abstract thinking, transition to higher education or career planning
emotional: exploration of personal values, depression and anxiety can form
social: peer influences becomes strong, school events, deeper friendships
Early Adulthood
(18-35)
physical: physical peak and overall health, pregnancy, dad bods
intellectual: pursuit of education, career, and independence, financial independence
emotional: exploration of personal values and goals, hormonal imbalance (during pregnancy)
social: formation of intimate relationships and families, kids kids kids
Middle Adulthood
(35-50)
physical: wrinkles start to form, back pains, sagging, hair loss
intellectual:
emotional: midlife crisis, caring and nurturing the next generation
social: career stability
Late Adulthood
(50-70)
physical: wrinkles, health declines
intellectual: lost of memory
emotional: reevaluation of life goals and accomplishments, loneliness, close minded
social: loss of peers, losing social circles, friendships aren’t as powerful, retirement
Aging
(70+)
physical: physical health declines, slow, mobility is limited, losing your teeth, gray hair, (could be) hunched over, shorter, hearing loss
intellectual: cognitive declines, frustration, forgetfulness
emotional: always thinking about death, reflection on the meaning and purpose of life, dependence on caregivers or assistance
social: loss of peers, continued pursuit of personal interests and hobbies when possible
What is a theory?
a set of ideas which describes, explain, and predict behavior
Medieval Period (6th-15th century)
children were treated like adults (jobs, marriage)
Reformation Period (16th century)
- children were born evil and must be civilized
- a goal emerged to raise children effectively
20th century
- laws were passed to protect children
- childhood was seen as worthy of special attention
Psychoanalytical Theories
beliefs focused on the formation of personality; children move through various stages, confronting conflicts between biological drives and social expectation
Behavioral and Social Learning Theories
beliefs that environment plays a big role in the growth of a child
Biological Theories
belief that a child’s biological factors influence a child
Cognitive Theories
beliefs that describe how children learn
Systems Theory
the belief that development cant be explained by a single concept, but rather by a complex system
Humanistic Theories
beliefs that humans were born with the desire to grow
Sigmund Freud
Theory: he emphasized that a child’s personality is formed by his childhood experiences
based on his therapy with troubled adults
Erik Erikson
Theory: development is a lifelong process. At each stage, the child acquires attitudes ad skills resulting from the successful negotiation of a psychological conflict
expanded on Freud’s theories
Jean Piaget
Theory: cognitive development
- children construct their understanding of the world through their active involvement and interactions
studied his children