Unit 1 Flashcards
what is the brain/body phenomenon?
how can physical stimuli trigger mental experiences
what is dualism?
The position that mind and body are in some categorical way, seperate from each other, that mental phenomena are, on some resposects, non-physical in nature
what is the ventricular localization theory?
- cerebrospinal fluid determined intellectual function-brain helf substance of thought
- cognitive functions are the product of the non-corporeal soul
what is the three part model proposed by the ventricular localization theory?
- Perception (Anterior)
- Reason (Middle)
- Memory (Posterior)
What occured during the transition period?
Shift from Ventricles to the Brain
What 3 beliefs were established during the transiton period?
- Cerebral cortex - started seeing more detailed representations
- Dualism
- Rejection of ventricles and shoft to cortex
What was the large debate that occured in the transition period?
Localization vs. Holism
What is the localization approach?
Different congitive functions assigned to different areas of cortex
What was phrenology, how is it related to localization?
- Differences between peoples cognitive/personality traits related to different cortical sizes/bumps
- Shape of skull = indicative of personality/intellect
What is Holism?
- Mind is whole, cannot be fractioned, equipotential.
- You can degreade cognition but not localize
What patient was used to argue for the holism vs. localization debate?
Phineas Gage
- Could still function normally despite his significant injury
- His behaviour changes significantly despite his lack of disability
Describe Patient Tan
What was damaged?
What were his impairments?
- Damage: Suffered stroke in the left inferior frontal lobe - could only respond “tan”
- Good comprehension, non-fluent speech, poor repition
Describe Patient Wernike (Wernickes Aphasia)
What was damaged?
What were his impairments?
- Damage: the posterior upper temporal lobe in the left hemisphere
- Impairments: Poor comprehension, fluent speech, poor repition
What do did Patient Tan & Wernicke prove?
- Language is a function that can be independently damaged
- Function is anatomically localizable
- There are at least 2 language areas that can be independently affected by brain damage
What did diagram makers do?
- Construct models on how the mind worked based on the impairments and damage that they saw in their patients
- Emphasis on discovering cognitive pathways
What did the Langage Center Model indicate about patients with Broca’s aphasia?
- Had a lesion in the motor center, as they had a motor impairment
- Speech requires the coordination of muscles
What did the Langage Center Model indicate about patients with Wernicke’s aphasia?
- Something wrong with their ability to take in speech and translate that into language that had conceptual meaning
Describe a patient with conduction aphaisia
What is damaged?
What are their impairments?
- Good comprehension
- Fluent speech
- Poor repition
What are do patients with conduction aphasia lack?
- Ability to take in language process it, and then pass over the representation to the motor center to be repeated
- Therefore they can understand, but not repeat
What is the impairment of conduction aphasia?
Damage to the pathway connecting the two language centers
Describe a patient with transcortical sensory aphasia
What is damaged?
What are their impairments?
- Lesion in pathway between Auditory Images –> Concepts
- If they heard a phrase they could repeat it, but they would not understand what the phrase means
- But they could comprehend visual stimuli and talk about it
Summary
- Fluent
- Poor comprehension from auditory stimuli
- Good repitition
Describe a patient with transcortical motor aphasia
What is damaged?
What are their impairments?
- Lesion in pathway between Concepts –> and Motor Patterns
- Unable to take own thoughts and turn it into language
Summary
- Non fluent
- Good comprehension
- Good repition
What were the 4 Weaknesses of the Diagram makers?
1) Inadequate Psychological Formulation: did not develop concept of centers
2) Lack of Emperical Constraints: based entirely on case studies (not alot of rules to mesiate theier practice of science)
3) Lack of Emperical Support: Theory-driven, not data driven (not alot of data)
4) Strictley tired to Anatomy: did not differenciate between cognitive model and neural model. There is more nuance.
What occured during the golden age?
- Rejection of single-case studies, mode psychometric approach
- Information processing models
- Distinguided between cognition and neural anatomy
- 3 stage model of memory
- However multiple models of cognition - brain and mind evolution
What are the 3 fields that adress brain damage?
- Cognitive neuroscience
- Clinical neuropsycology
- Cognitice neuropsychology
Clinical neuropsychology
Clinical - all about treatment
Define the field of cognitive neuroscience
Each region does not have one function, each function does not have one discrere location. although specilization of neurons in perticular regions
What are the main components of Classical neuropsychology?
GQ, Adressing, Who
'’Tied to diagram makers”
Guiding Question
- What functions are dispupted by damage to x area?
Adresses
- Functional specilization, considering evidene from functional imaging
- Interested in mapping function to a specific brain region
Who
- Groups of patients
What are the main components of cognitive neuropsychology?
GQ, Adressing, Who
“Interested in how the brain works - not specific to localization”
Guiding Question
- Can a particular function be spared/impaired relative to other cogntive functions?
Adresses
- Adressing questions of cognitive components
Who
- single case studies of patients
- thinking of each patient as somone who can reveal information that can help imporve a model that is based on a combination of imaging and patient data
Pros to studying patients
- Can elicit striking dissociations between cogntive processes
- Can steer you to important aspects of cognition to study
- Provide insights into the phenomenological experience of disruption
Cons to studying patients
Have to consider
- Normal individual variation in performance
- Effects on compensatory operations - way of coping or responding to deficit
- Effects from disruption of other processes
What are the 3 methods of grouping?
- behavioural symptoms = these patients show a specific common symptom
- behavioural syndrome = these patiens show multiple symptoms that commonly co-occur together
- lesion location = these patients have the same location of damage, useful for testing causual predictions derived from functional imaging
What is the downside of conducting gorup studies?
Group studies have an averaging effect which results in the loss of information
- difficult to localize lesions, different injuries might have different effects on the brain (ex. tumor and swelling vs stroke and surgery)
How are single case studies generalized?
- We account for all reported cases of disorder to that function -> no longer a theory of a single patient
- Try to account for data from cogntive psychology -> can develop theory of normal cognition
emphasis on establishing cognitive models rather than linking cognition with brain structures