UNIT 1 Flashcards
structuralism
an early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.
introspection
the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one’s own psychological processes.
functionalism
an early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
behaviorism
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behaviour without reference to mental processes.
humanistic psychology
a historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential.
cognitive psychology
the study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems.
psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes.
nature - nurture issue
the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
natural selection
the principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
evolutionary psychology
he study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.
behavioural psychology
the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.
biological psychology
the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes.
psychodynamic psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.
socio-cultural psychology
the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.
Wilhelm Wundt
German physiologist and psychologist who is often regarded as the father of modern psychology. Introspection and Structuralism.
G. Stanley Hall
American psychologist and educator.Established the first American psychology lab. Child psychology and development. Founded the APA ( American Psychology Association)
William James
American philosopher and psychologist who is considered one of the most influential figures in the development of modern psychology. Functionalism.
Charles Darwin
English naturalist and biologist. Evolution and Natural Selection.
Mary Whiton Calkins
American psychologist and philosopher. She is known for her pioneering work in psychology, particularly in the areas of memory research.
Margret Floy Washburn
American psychologist known for her significant contributions to the fields of experimental psychology and comparative psychology.First female to obtain a Ph.D. in Psychology.
John B. Watson
American psychologist who is widely regarded as one of the founding figures of behaviorism. Showed that fear could be learned.
B. F. Skinner
American psychologist, behaviorist, and innovator in the field of psychology, known for his influential work on operant conditioning and the development of behaviorism. Comparative psychology. This leading behaviorist rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior.
Sigmund Freud
The controversial ideas of this famed personality theorist and therapist have influenced humanity’s self-understanding. Psychoanalytic Psychology.
Carl Rogers
American psychologist and psychotherapist known for his pioneering work in humanistic psychology and client-centred therapy. Concealing and human potential.
Abraham Maslow
American psychologist who is best known for his development of the hierarchy of needs and his contributions to humanistic psychology.
Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist and psychologist best known for his pioneering work in classical conditioning and learning. Pavlov’s Dogs.
Humanistic Perspective
Reaching one’s highest potential. Hierarchy of needs.
Biological Perspective
The body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
Psychodynamic Perspective
How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts.
Socio-cultural Perspective
How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.
Evolutionary
How the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes.
Cognitive
How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
Behavioral
How we learn observable responses.
