Unit 1 Flashcards
The Human Body: An Orientation.
Anatomy is…
The study of structure and shape of the body and it’s parts
Gross Anatomy
Large structures that are easily observable
Microscopic Anatomy
Structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye, structures can only be viewed with a microscope
Physiology is…
The study of how the body and its parts work or function
Relationship between anatomy and physiology
Structure determines what functions occur, if the structure changes the function must also change
Seven Levels of Structural Organization
- Atoms
- Molecules
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ Systems
- Organism
Homeostasis is…
The maintenance of a stable internal environment
Homeostasis is necessary for…
Normal body functioning and to sustain life, body temp, pH, ion levels, fluid volume and pressure, oxygen, concentration, heat, etc…
Homeostatic Imbalance
A disturbance in homeostasis results in disease
The body communicates through…
Neural and hormonal control systems
Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Receptor (info)
Sends information to the control center along an afferent pathway
Receptor Diagram
Receptor —> Control Center
(Afferent pathway)
Control Center
Determines set point, analyzes information, determines and appropriate response
Effector
Provides a means for response to the stimulus
Effector (info)
Information flows from control center to effector along efferent pathway
Effector Diagram
Control Center —> Effector (receptor) (Efferent pathway)
Negative Feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms, shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity, and works like a thermostat
Positive Feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther, reaction occurs at a faster rate, and positive feedback occurs in blood clotting and during childbirth
Anatomical Position
Stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward
Supine
Body faces upwards
Prone
Body faces downwards
Superior
Toward the head or upper part of a structure of the body
Inferior
Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body
Anterior (Ventral)
Toward or at the front of the body
Posterior
Toward or at the back of the body
Medial
Toward or at the mid-line of the body
Lateral
Away from the mid-line of the body.
Proximal
(Extremities) Close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk
Distal
(Extremities) Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Left and Right
As it pertains to the actual person
Superficial
Toward or at the body surface (external)
Deep
Away from the body, more internal (internal)
Sagital (Medial)
Section divides the body (or organ) into right and left parts
Frontal
Section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse
Section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts
Dorsal (Posterior) Body Cavity
Cranial cavity (houses the brain, protected by the skull) and spinal cavity (houses the spinal cord, protected by the vertebrae)
Ventral (Anterior) Body Cavity
(Two subdivisions separated by the diaphragm) Thoracic cavity and abdominal-pelvic cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Cavity superior to the diaphragm
Pleural
Houses lungs and other organs
Mediastinum
Houses heart, trachea, and other organs
Abdominal-pelvic Cavity
Cavity inferior to the diaphragm
Abdominal (Superior)
Cavity contains the stomach, liver, and other organs
Pelvic (Inferior)
Cavity contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum
Abdominal Pelvic Subdivisions
Top to bottom: Right and left hypochondriac region, right and left lumbar region, and right and left illiac (inguinal) region
Middle top to bottom: epigastric region, umbillical region, hypogastric region
