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APES > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Scramble Competition

A

Direct competition between individuals for a finite resource.

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2
Q

Competition in Social Species

A

Dominance hierarchies ensure dominant individuals have priority access to resources. Lower ranked individuals must contest what remains. If food is scarce, only dominant individuals may receive enough to survive.

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2
Q

Contest Competition

A

There is a winner and a loser and resources are obtained completely or not at all.

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3
Q

Exploitative Competition

A

Occurs when two or more species use the same resource. This often results in neither species having enough of the resource to meet their needs.

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4
Q

Interference Competition

A

Involves a direct interaction between competitors. In animals, this is usually aggressive behavior. In plants, the interaction is passive.

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5
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principle

A

States that two species with the same resource requirements cannot coexist.

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6
Q

Open Oceans

A

Saline waters, waves, and currents

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7
Q

Estuaries

A

The freshwater of rivers meets tidal flows from the ocean

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8
Q

Coral Reefs

A

Tropical and subtropical regions and biological origin

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9
Q

What characteristics distinguish rivers and streams from lakes and ponds?

A

Rivers and streams are flowing waterways, but lakes and ponds are still bodies of water.

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10
Q

Littoral Zone

A
  • Above water at low tide
  • Includes rocky shores, sandy beaches, and mudflats
  • varies greatly in extent
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11
Q

Sublittorall/Shelf/Neritic None

A
  • extends from the low tide mark to the edge of the continental shelf
  • The majority of marine life occurs in this zone
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12
Q

Oceanic Zone

A
  • Area of ocean beyond the continental shelf
  • Open water or pelagic environment
  • Divided into zones based on light penetration
  • No photosynthesis occurs below the photic zone (200 meters) because it is too dark
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13
Q

Sunlight/Photic Zone

A

Sea level to 200 meters below the surface

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14
Q

Benthic/ Seafloor Zone

A
  • Ecologically distinct from the open water (pelagic) environment
  • Organisms living in this zone are called benthos and many are specialized substrate-dwellers
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15
Q

Twilight Zone

A

200-1000 meters

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16
Q

Darkness Zone

A

1000-11000 meters

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17
Q

Deep trenches

A

6000-11000 meters

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18
Q

Phonic Zone

A

Sea level-200 meters

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19
Q

Aphonic Zone

A
  • <1% of light
  • 200-11000 meters
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20
Q

What causes the difference in color from one body of water to another?

A

The mixture of pigments in algae, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and minerals.

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21
Q

Definition of ecology

A

The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.

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22
Q

Environment consists of

A
  • Abiotic Components (factors): Non-living, chemical, and physical factors
  • Biotic Components (factors): Living organisms
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23
Q

Abiotic Factors

A
  • Temperature
  • Water
  • Sunlight
  • Wind
  • Rocks/soil/ atmosphere (chemicals)
  • Periodic disturbances
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24
Q

Definition of Climate

A

Wheater for a particular area. Includes temperature, water, sun, and wind.

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25
Q

Areas of Similar Climate are

A

Biomes

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26
Q

Aquatic biomes

A
  • Freshwater: Streams and rivers
  • Marine: Ponds and lakes
  • Wetlands/marshlands
  • Estuaries
  • Coral Reefs
  • Open Ocean
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27
Q

Definition of Organism

A

Any form of life

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28
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of classifying organisms into specific groupings.

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29
Q

Smallest grouping (1)

A

Species

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30
Q

Next group (2)

A

Genus

31
Q

Next group (3)

A

Family

32
Q

Next group (4)

A

Order

33
Q

Next group (5)

A

Class

34
Q

Next group (6)

A

Phylum

35
Q

Biggest group

A

Kingdom

36
Q

Species

A

Groups of organisms that resemble each other, and in cases of sexually reproducing organisms, can successfully interbreed. Estimates of 5-100 million species, most are insects and microorganisms; so far only about 1.8 million have been named; each species is the result of long evolutionary history.

37
Q

Wild Species

A

Population that exists in its natural habitat.

38
Q

Indigenous Species

A

Native to a given region

39
Q

Introduced Species

A

Population introduced by humans (=non-native species)

40
Q

Endemic Species

A

Unique to a particular geographic location.

41
Q

Invasive species

A

Organism that isn’t indigenous and causes a detrimental impact

42
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species.

43
Q

Habitat

A

The place where a population usually lives.

44
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

In natural populations individuals vary in their genetic makeup

45
Q

Range of tolerance

A

Every population thrives in an optimal range of abiotic factors, Beyond this range, one finds less and less numbers of these organisms. In an ecosystem, it is harder to represent what this optimal range is since a host of factors affects the survivability of this population. Often, the range is shown for each factor, and this is known as the range of tolerance.

46
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

The full range of environmental conditions (biological and physical) under which an organism can exist

47
Q

Realized Niche

A

As a result of pressure from, and interactions with, other organisms (e.g. superior competitors) species are usually forced to occupy a niche that is narrower than this and to which they are most highly adapted.

48
Q

Community

A

Populations of all species living together in a given area. A biological community is a complex interacting network of plants, animals, and microorganisms.

49
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community of different species interacting with one another and their non-living environment of matter and energy.

50
Q

Ecosphere/Biosphere

A

All of Earth’s ecosystems together.

51
Q

Producers

A
  • Autotrophs/Self-feeders
  • Make their own food compounds obtained in the environment
  • They utilize photosynthesis
52
Q

Consumers

A
  • Heterotrophs
  • Get energy and nutrients from eating other animals or eating plants
53
Q

Primary Consumers

A
  • Herbivores
  • Eats producers
54
Q

Secondary Consumers

A
  • Omnivores or carnivores
  • Eats primary consumers
55
Q

Tertiary Consumers

A
  • Carnivores
  • Eats secondary consumers
56
Q

Scavengers

A
  • Carnivores
  • Eats dead animals
57
Q

Mixotroph

A

Photosynthesize and consume.

58
Q

Decomposers

A

Consumers that complete the breakdown and recycling of organic and inorganic, materials from the remains and wastes of other organisms

59
Q

Food Chain

A

Series of organisms in which each eats or decomposes the preceding one. Arrows point to the organism doing the eating.

60
Q

Food Web

A

Complex Network of many interconnected food chains and feeding relationships.

61
Q

Energy Pyramid

A

Diagram representing the flow of energy through each trophic level in a food chain or food web. Usually, only 10% of the usable energy entering one trophic level is transferred to the organism at the next trophic level.

62
Q

Biomass Pyramid

A

Shows the total mass of the organisms that each trophic level occupies in an ecosystem. Usually, producers have a higher biomass than any other tropic level, but there can be lower amounts of biomass at the bottom of the pyramid if the rate of primary production is very fast.

63
Q

Generalist

A

Broad Niche

64
Q

Specialist

A

Narrow Niche

65
Q

Intraspecies

A

Within a species

66
Q

Interspecies

A

Between different species

67
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

Dividing of resources/territories

68
Q

Predation

A

One organism eats another

69
Q

Apex Predators

A

Predators with no predators of their own

70
Q

Mimicry

A

The similarity in appearance of one species to another that affords one or both protection

71
Q

Batesian

A

The mimic (palatable) resembles the model (unpalatable) and only the mimic benefits.

72
Q

Mullerian

A

Both the mimic and the model are unpalpable and both benefit

73
Q

Symbiosis

A

An intimate relationship between organisms of different species

74
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit

75
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism benefits and the other is neither benefited nor harmed

76
Q

Parasitism

A

One species (parasite) feeds in part of another organism (host). The parasite benefits and the host is harmed.

APES (1 decks)

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