Unit 1 Flashcards
focuses on how we learn based on associations, reinforcements, punishments, and observable responses and behavior
behavioral perspective
a way of looking at psychological issues by studying the physical basis for animal and human behavior
biological perspective
an integrated approach to psychology that incorporates three different perspectives and types of analysis: biological, psychological, and social-cultural
biopsychosocial perspective
a research design involving an in-depth and detailed examination of a single subject, or case, usually an individual or a small group
case study
study abnormal behavior and mental processes and what causes them, and can offer treatment. evaluate how and why a treatment works
clinical psychologist
operates on the belief that the brain is the most important aspect in relation to the way that an individual behaves or thinks
cognitive perspective
a variable that the experimenter did not account for initially that affected the dependent variable
confounding variable
must be included to serve as a baseline comparison in contrast to the experimental group
control group
the relationship(positive or negative) between two variables
correlation
a number (symbolized by r) between −1 and +1, which represents the strength and direction of the correlation between two variables
correlation coefficient
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
critical thinking
when an experimenter tells the subject more information about the study’s purpose and procedures after the study is completed
debriefing
the variable that measures the outcome of the experiment
dependent variable
when neither the participant in the study nor the person giving the study know who is the control group and who is in the experimental group
double-blind procedure
considers how the human race has managed to survive for this long and how it has managed to become better as time goes on
evolutionary perspective
deliberately designed procedures used to test research hypotheses
experiment
the group receiving or reacting to the independent variable in an experiment
experimental group
an approach that emphasized the functions of the mind over its structures and focused on how aspects of consciousness allowed human beings to adapt to their environments
functionalism
when you think you knew something all along after the outcome has occurred
hindsight bias
a way of evaluating an individual as a whole, rather than looking at them only through a smaller aspect of their person
humanistic psychology
a tentative and testable explanation of the relationship between two (or more) events or variables; a prediction that a certain outcome will result from specific conditions
hypothesis
a phenomenon that psychologists must avoid during experimentation. when the person believes that a relationship exists between two variables when it does not.
illusory correlation
the characteristic of an experiment that is manipulated or changed by researchers, not by other variables in the experiment
independent variable
participants must be told and give their consent to the: purpose of research, procedures that will be used, risks or potential discomforts, and length of time involved
informed consent
federally-mandated, locally-administered groups charged with evaluating risks and benefits of human participant research at their institution
institutional review board
the arithmetical average calculated by dividing a sum of values by the total number of cases
mean
the point that divides a set of scores in half
median
the most frequently occurring score in the distribution
mode
a research method, typically qualitative in nature and usually covert and undisclosed, that attempts to document behavior as it spontaneously occurs in a real-world setting
naturalistic observation
nature: innate biological factors that influence development and personality.
nurture: external and environmental factors, including learning, that influence development and personality
which one affects us more??
nature vs nurture
a term that is used to describe the procedure of a study and the research variables
operational definition
when a group of people feel an effect of a drug when they have actually only ingested a placebo, which is often a sugar pill that has no effect
placebo effect
all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. anyone or anything that could possibly be selected to be in the sample
population
a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders provides more for mental illness than psychologists
psychaitrist
personality theory that explains behaviors by looking at unconscious drives and feelings
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic
a method of assigning participants to conditions such that each participant has an equal chance of being placed into experimental groups
random assignment
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
random sample
the lowest score subtracted from the higher score
range
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
replication
a graph of the relationship between 2 measured variables where one variable is arrayed on each axis and a dot is placed at each point where the values of the variables intersect
scatterplot
considers the way that different individuals interact with their social groups and how these social groups influence different individuals and how they develop throughout their lives
socio-cultural perspective
structure is more important than function. the mind must be broken into elements to understand the brain and its functions. with the use of introspection
structuralism
a mostly quantitative research method involving a list of questions filled out by a group of people to assess attitudes or opinions
survey
the population that a study is intended to research and to which generalizations from samples are to be made
target population
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
theory
combined physiology and philosophy to create psychology and established the first psychology lab in Germany
- believed in introspection and structuralism
william wundt
a psychologist who had a firm belief in the philosophy of pragmatism, the belief that only practical matters should be pursued, if something is not going to further progress it should be abandoned as frivolous
william james
the founder of structuralism, a school of thought that considered that thoughts were conformed by basic elements such as sensations
edward titchner
a pioneering American psychologist, the first president of the American Psychological Association, his interests focused on childhood development and evolutionary theory
stanley g hall
