Unit 1 Flashcards
Who was the father of Psychology and what year was he named father of psych
Wilhelm Wundt 1879
what did wilhelm wundt believe
the mind is made up of elements.
what is introspection (example from class)
Candy Demo; how did the thoughts and emotions play a role. We ate the candy then had to express what it made us think of/how it made us feel.
What psychologist believed in functionalism?
William James
What is Functionalism (give demo from class as well)
Uses darwins theory of evolution stating that people who have traits that keep them alive will pass them along. EX) was the cave-man demo where the cave man who was not afraid of heights died and the cave-man who was afraid of heights lived to pass on the trait.
What does Gestalt mean
Its a study that means “whole”
What is your conscious mind?
It is the stuff you can easily recall, at the top of your mind (top of iceberg)
What is the unconscious mind?
Stuff buried deep in an individual’s mind. Is very hard to recall.
Who believed in the unconscious mind and that childhood affected individuals.
Freud.
What does behaviorism focus on
only focuses on observable behavior.
what is the main idea of humanist ideas
The idea that everyone wins.
What is an operational definition?
How you are going to measure the variable.
Which school of psychology attempted to identify the elements of the mind?
structuralism
The first psychological lab was established by:
Wilhelm Wundt
which research method lost its popularity because its results varied among different people?
introspection
Which perspective is more directly concerned with how the physical properties of the brain influence behavior and mental states?
neuroscience
Which would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and define psychology as “the science of observable behavior”?
behaviorism
The study of inner thoughts and feelings is to the study of observable behavior as ____ is to ____.
Wundt; Watson
Which perspective highlights the manner in which people think, encode, process and retrieve information?
cognitive
Who wrote the first Psychology textbook and was considered a functionalist?
William James
Which perspective focuses on rewards and learned behavior?
behavioral
Which seeks to solve the practical problems using science?
applied science
A negative correlation between people’s physical health and their happiness would indicate:
higher levels of happiness are associated with lower levels of physical health.
In an experimental study of the extent to which mental alertness is inhibited by sleep deprivation, alertness would be the:
dependent variable
Mr. Brown has gathered evidence that weight of grade school students correlated positively with their reading skill. Before he uses this evidence to conclude the body weight enhances reading ability, he should first be reminded that;
correlation does not prove causation
Every twenty-fifth person who ordered a subscription to a magazine was contacted by market researchers to gather opinions on the magazine’s content. The researcher were using a technique known as:
random sampling
Which type of research strategy would allow you to determine whether students’ college grades accurately predict later income?
correlation
In order to determine the effects of a new drug on memory, one group of people is given a pill that contains the drug. A second group is given a sugar pill that does not contain the drug. The second group constitutes the:
control group
An illusory correlation refers to:
the perception of a correlation between two unrelated variables.
Which research technique is most directly useful for avoiding bias and the false consensus effect?
double-blind procedure
A positive correlation has a line going_________ on a scatterplot.
right
Standard deviation is a measure of what
variation
Ahmed has five sisters who are 3, 3, 5, 9, and 10 years of age. The number “5” represents the ____ of the sisters’ ages.
median
Professor Woo noticed that the distribution of students’ scores on her last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the
students’ scores tended to be very similar to one another.
Two students in art class are at least 20 years older than the others. Which measure of variation of class members’ ages is most affected by ages of these two students?
range
Which measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme scores?
mean
Ethical principles developed by psychologists urge investigators to
treat information about research participants confidentially.
Which of the following is a measure of degree of variation among a set of events?
standard deviation
Which of the following is a measure of variation affected the most by extreme scores?
range
A lopsided set of scores that includes a number of extreme or unusual values is said to be
skewed
In generalizing from a sample to a population, it is important that
the sample be representative
an explanation using a set of principles that organizes and precises outcomes
theory
placing participants to experimental and control conditions by chance
random assignment
a statement used to measure the research variables
operational definition
a measure of how much scores vary around the average score
standard deviation
what are the pros and cons of a case study
pros; in depth data,
cons; cannot be generalized
what are the pros and cons of the survey method
pros; can collect data from lots of people quickly and efficiently
cons; wording may be misinterpreted or misleading.
what are the pros and cons of naturalistic observation
pros → allows for a direct observation in a natural setting
Cons → bias can easily come into play.
what is random sampling
randomly selecting participants. Everyone has an equal chance of being selected.
is a smaller or larger sample better
a larger sample
how can you tell the difference between a positive and negative correlation
in a positive correlation when the IV increases so does the DV
As the IV increases the DV decreases.
What is the OTHER way to describe your data from a correlational study?
Correlation coefficient is the other way to describe the data in a correlational study.
what is a illusory correlation
when it is thought that there is a correlation between two variables, but there is no logical correlation.
what is operational definition
a specific statement that specifies what variables are in order for an experiment to be replicated properly.
if the subjects are not aware of who is in the control vs experimental group this is called what
a single blind procedure
if both the subjects and the researchers are not aware who is the control vs experimenal group (except for one person) this is called a what
double blind procedure.
mean is what
average
mode is what
most common number in the data set
median is what
center number in a data set
range is what
the max value in a data set minus the minimum value in a data set.
what is the difference between a normal bell curve vs a skewed one
normal should look like a bell and be pretty symmetrical. A skewed curve leans more to the right or left of a graph.
standard deviation is what
standard deviation is how far the values deviate from one another
do you want a small or large standard deviation
a small standard deviation
If a study is deemed statistically significant, what does that mean?
It is very unlikely that the study was done by chance.
informed consent means what
legal permission from the participants to participate in a study.
No psychological or physical harm means what
the participants should not undergo anything that could cause them physical or psychological harm. However, a certain amount of mental discomfort is required in some studies.
debriefing means what
the participants are fully informed about the experiment’s nature and their questions are fully answered.
animals in studies have what regulations
animals are allowed to be used in studies as long as its for scientific purposes and gain of knowledge. The number of animals involved should be minimized.
