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Med Sci > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The bioavailability of oxycodone ranges from 60 - 85% when taken orally; this means that 60 - 85% of the oxycodone

A

reaches the blood

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2
Q

A college freshman decides to consume two doses of LSD, a 50 microgram dose at 8 PM and a 25 microgram dose at midnight. Given that the half-life of LSD is 4 hours, how long will it take, after her peak blood LSD level is reached, for her levels of LSD in blood to decrease to less than 10% of that peak?

A

16 hours

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3
Q

A college senior, embarrassed by his lack of experience using hard drugs, decides to “fake it” by taking an impressive-sounding drug that actually isn’t psychoactive at all. He chooses a drug X which he knows can’t be psychoactive, because it isn’t

A

lipid soluble

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4
Q

LSD, psilocybin, DMT, and mescaline – psychedelics all – bind as agonists to the same serotonin receptor subtype, designated 5-HT2A. This receptor subtype differs from other serotonin receptor subtypes because it is

A

slightly different structurally

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5
Q

It’s 2050, and tired of your brain, you order another online from Amazon. You pay extra for an alert, vigilant, focused brain, which is a brain that contains lots of

A

nerepinephrine

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6
Q

ABC proteins

A

prevent foreign molecules from entering the brain

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7
Q

A new therapeutic drug for schizophrenia, lumatemperone, is an antagonist at serotonin type 2A receptors, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, an antagonist at dopamine type 2 receptors, and an antagonist at some glutamate receptors. One drug can do all of these things primarily because of its unique

A

structural shape

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8
Q

A 20-year old college junior is injured in a bicycle wreck, and is prescribed hydrocodone (an opioid) for pain. Hydrocodone has a 4 hour half-life. How long will it take her to reach a steady-state of blood hydrocodone blood levels, if she takes a pill every four hours?

A

8 hours

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9
Q

Information carried by incoming (afferent) sensory neurons are to the X as airplanes are to O’Hare airport. X is the

A

thalamus

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10
Q

GABA does what to the brain

A

slows activity

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11
Q

Which of the following best describes the interaction between a neurotransmitter and its receptor?

A

binding is weak and transient

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12
Q

A college freshman finds a large box filled with hypodermic needles tucked into her GrubHub dinner. Intrigued, she fills two of them with liquid from a Juul vape pod and injects one into a vein, and the other into a muscle. Why does the nicotine injected intramuscularly arrive in the blood so much more slowly than that injected intravenously?

A

before it can reach the blood, the drug must diffuse to capillaries in the muscle

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13
Q

A partial agonist (such as buprenorphine in Suboxone) is a more effective long-term treatment for heroin addiction than a competitive antagonist such as naloxone (Narcan) because the partial agonist can better

A

control withdraw symptoms

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14
Q

A drug binds a receptor at the same site as the natural (endogenous) neurotransmitter. The drug fails to activate the receptor, but blocks access to the receptor by the neurotransmitter. This drug is called a

A

competitive agonist

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15
Q

Hi! I’m a receptor, and I’ve just been bound by a drug that has activated me. Which of the following is the most likely thing that I would do in response to being activated?

A

allow Na+ ions to enter the cell

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16
Q

A tiny person is lost in the brain, wandering in a dense thicket of neurons. Where would she find a neurotransmitter vesicle?

A

inside the presynaptic neuron at every synapse

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17
Q

For a therapeutic drug, what does the ED50 represent?

A

the dose required for % of people to respond to the drug

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18
Q

A college freshman decides to give her hypothalamus a drug-induced workout, so she fashions a drug X that causes

A

appetite stimulation and fever

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19
Q

A 46-year-old man develops chronic bursitis in his shoulder from playing too much golf during the pandemic. He looks at his daughter’s M216 notes and sees that morphine is has higher efficacy and potency than aspirin as a pain reliever. Nonetheless, his daughter assures him that aspirin is a better choice for treatment of his bursitis, because

A

pain can arise from several different mechanisms, and aspirin is better for chronic inflammation

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20
Q

Which of the following drug actions will increase the duration of action of a neurotransmitter in the synapse?

A

blocking presynaptic reuptake of the neurotransmitter

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21
Q

An 18-year-old college freshman, angry that face masks are no longer required on campus, uses so much drug X that the system illustrated below is “turned off”:When drug X did this, he

A

became uninhibited, and started telling offensive jokes while wearing a lampshade on his head

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22
Q

Memories are actually formed simultaneously in the hippocampus and the long-term storage location in the brain’s cortex. However, the long-term memories remain “silent” for about two weeks before reaching a mature state.

Which of the following will most help “mature” these potential long-term memories?

A

repeatedly thinking about them

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23
Q

Receptor X on postsynaptic neuron X has a baseline activity even when isn’t bound by its neurotransmitter. If activation of receptor X by its neurotransmitter causes relaxation and sedation, which of the following will be an effect of an inverse agonist at this receptor?

A

anxiety

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24
Q

Which of the following is an effect of using a drug that is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)?

A

increased % of serotonin receptors bound to serotonin

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25
Q

There are at least a dozen different antidepressant drugs currently in prescription use in the United States. Differences in potency among these drugs isn’t an important consideration when choosing among them, because

A

lower potency drugs are taken in higher doses

26
Q

Drug X has been given to a 31-year-old man who had been experiencing delusions and hallucinations:

An increase to 100 mg caused drowsiness and the patient felt unable to increase the dose. Ten days after the increase to 100 mg, the client complained of a feeling of heaviness in his chest and he subsequently began to leak a thin, watery fluid from his nipples (galactorrhea).

What receptor action did drug X have?

A

dopamine antagonist

27
Q

It’s the summer of 2021, and you are able to land a job as a drug that is a direct agonist. It pays well, which is a good thing, because the job requires that you shrink to subcellular size, then bind to

A

a receptor and activate it

28
Q

Researching all things psychedelic, you come upon the following:

Muscimol is one of the principal psychoactive constituents of Aminita muscaria mushrooms. Muscimol displays sedative and hallucinogenic psychoactivity.

You realize this chemical has multiple receptor actions, one of which must be as a

A

GABA agonist

29
Q

Hi! My job is to remove neurotransmitters from the synapse after they’ve been released by the presynaptic neuron. Blocking my action will allow more neurotransmitter molecules to linger in the synapse longer. I’m a

A

post-synaptic receptor

30
Q

Writing a term paper on the liver, you read the following:

The majority of drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver may be either induced (made more active or abundant) or inhibited by drugs or by extraneous substances including foodstuffs, cigarette smoke and environmental pollutants.

This passage is telling us that smoking, food, other drugs, and environmental pollutants can trigger the development of

A

metabolic tolerance

31
Q

5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), a compound similar to DMT, is highly toxic as well as being a psychedelic drug. In adult male rats, the LD50 of this drug is estimated to be 80 mg. What does this mean?

A

80 mg of the drug will kill 50% of adult male rats

32
Q

Mescaline, a psychedelic drug found in the Peyote cactus, enters the brain slowly, while being rapidly excreted in the urine as the parent compound. These facts suggest that mescaline has

A

low lipid solubility and high water solubility

33
Q

Metabolites

A

can be pyschoactive but don’t have to be

34
Q

Bioavailability

A

amount of drug that enters the blood stream, BA=AUC (PO) x 100

35
Q

First order elimination

A

has a half life, after 4 half lives blood levels will reach a steady state

36
Q

Zero order elimination

A

do not have a half life, alcohol, linear rate of decline

37
Q

Ed50

A

effective dose for 50% of the population, more potent drugs will have a lower Ed50

38
Q

Td50

A

toxic dose for 50% of the population

39
Q

Ld50

A

lethal dose for 50% of the population, hard level to measure

40
Q

Margin of safety

A

amt between effective and toxic dose,

41
Q

Competitive agonist

A

compete to bind at the same site

42
Q

Non competitive agonist

A

binds to a site and changes the structure of the receptor, able to reduce drug potency and efficacy

43
Q

Reticular activating system

A

controls sleep and wake cycles

44
Q

Hypothalamus

A

influences thirst, appetite, blood pressure, temperature

45
Q

Thalamus:

A

sends signals to other areas of the brain

46
Q

Limbic system

A

emotional control

47
Q

Hippocampus

A

short term memory

48
Q

Cerebellum, basal ganglia, motor cortex

A

muscle movement

49
Q

Cerebrum, cerebral cortex

A

higher thinking, decision-making, long-term memory storage

50
Q

Medulla

A

regulates breathing, heart rate, blood vessels, respetory depression

51
Q

Pineal gland

A

produces melatonin

52
Q

Pituitary gland

A

controlled by the hypothalamus

53
Q

Norepinephrine

A

adrenaline effects,

54
Q

Dopamine

A

reward systems, milk production, motor cordination

55
Q

Acetylcholine

A

short term memory (hippocampus), pleasure centers of the brain

56
Q

Retrograde neurotransmitters

A

move from post synaptic neuron to pre synaptic, modify release of neurotransmitter

57
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

recognize synaptic connections,

58
Q

Cross tolerance

A

tolerance to one drug gives tolerance to another (alochol and anastia)

59
Q

Cross dependence

A

supress withdraw symptoms

60
Q

Metabolic tolerance

A

liver makes more enzymes to break down a drug, more efficient

61
Q

Pharmacodynamic/Cellular-Adaptive Tolerance

A

Changes in the central nervous system in response to a drug

62
Q
A

Med Sci (3 decks)

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