Unit 1 Flashcards
___ scans require an injection of radioactive glucose to measure brain activity
PET
Which research method(s) are used in animal research to induce changes in brain activity
All of the above:
Optogenetics
Pharmacological manipulation
Gene knockouts
The central nervous system is made up of the __ and __
brain,
spinal cord
What is the division of the nervous system that consists of the nerves connecting the CNS to the visceral organs such as the heart, stomach, and intestines
Autonomic
A cluster of cells located in the CNS is called __, while a cluster outside the CNS is called __
nucleus,
ganglion
Which of the following is NOT performed by glia cells:
remove waste materials
build myelin sheaths
transmit info
guide the growth of axons and dendrites
transmit info
Neurons have one __, but can have any number of __
axon,
dendrites
The sensory nerves enter the spinal cord on its __ side;
the motor nerves leave the spinal cord on its __ side
dorsal,
ventral
Which part of the cerebral cortex is most important for visual information?
Occipital
After comparing the brains of mammals, such as rats and humans, to fish and reptiles, a researcher found:
The forebrain forms a larger proportion of the brain in mammals
The neuron has many branch-like extensions called __ that receive input from other neurons
dendrites
Which of the following functions is not carried out by neurons?
the myelination of axons
the reuptake of neurotransmitters
the production of metabotropic receptors
the production of microtubules
the control of genes regulating metabolic proteins
the myelination of axons
When your heart starts to race as you prepare to give an oral presentation in class, this division of the autonomic nervous system is active
Sympathetic
When piano players engage in long periods of practice, the part of this brain area that controls the hands is active
primary motor cortex
The thalamus is located in the
diencephalon
What are the cells called that line the fourth ventricle and produce cerebrospinal fluid?
choroid plexus
The forebrain structures located around the brain stem that are important for motivated and emotional behavior are collectively known as the
limbic system
What type of lesion leads to severe memory loss?
bilateral medial temporal lesions
Research has shown schizophrenic patients are more likely to have __ spines than control patients.
less
On which of the following would action potentials travel the slowest?
A thin, myelinated axon
A thin, unmyelinated axon
A thick, myelinated axon
A thick, unmyelinated axon
A thin, UNmyelinated axon
An interneuron is
a neuron that conveys info only to immediately adjacent neurons
A neuron that conveys information away from the hippocampus is considered a (an) __ cell, with regard to the hippocampus.
efferent
The sodium-potassium pump pumps sodium ions __ the cell, and potassium ions __ the cell
out of,
into
If a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a more negative potential, the result is
hyperpolarization
A membrane produces an action potential whenever the potential across it reaches
the threshold
According to the all-or-none law
the size of the action potential is independent of the strength of the stimulus that initiated it
Which of the following statements is correct concerning ionic concentrations at the normal resting membrane potential?
A. Higher sodium and potassium, and lower chloride inside relative to outside of neurons
B. Lower sodium, potassium, and chloride inside relative to outside of neurons
C. Lower sodium and chloride, and higher potassium inside relative to outside neurons
D. Higher sodium, potassium, and chloride inside relative to outside of neurons.
E. Lower sodium, and higher potassium and chloride inside relative to outside of neurons
C.
Lower sodium and chloride,
and higher potassium inside relative to outside neurons
Which of the following mechanisms allows the membrane potential to go back to its resting value when the membrane potential is at the peak of the action potential?
A. opening of voltage sensitive (gated) potassium channels.
B. opening of voltage sensitive (gated) sodium channels.
C. opening of voltage sensitive (gated) calcium channels.
D. opening of neurotransmitter (ligand) -gated potassium channels.
E. none of the above
A.
opening of voltage sensitive (gated) potassium channels.
What is the main mechanism contributing to the absolute refractory period in neurons
the voltage-dependent sodium channels cannot be opened
How can a neuron signal the difference between an intense stimulus and a stimulus that barely reaches the threshold for an instant?
frequency of action potentials
Most communication within neurons is __;
most communication between neurons is __
electrical,
chemical
Which feature of a neuron limits the number of action potentials it can produce per second?
refractory period
An EPSP is a
graded depolarization
Spatial summation refers to
adding 2 stimuli from different sources at the same time
An IPSP is a(n)
temporary hyperpolarization
An action potential has just reached a presynaptic terminal. What should happen next in the order of events?
the presynaptic terminal will depolarize and the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open
The synaptic cleft is
the gap between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron
The effect that a neurotransmitter has on the postsynaptic neuron is determined by
the receptors of the postsynaptic membrane
The __ receptors have quick effect with specific binding sites that control ligand-gated channels;
__ receptors are slower and use secondary G protein messengers.
ionotropic,
metabotropic
When can a neuron cannot produce an action potential
when there is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential;
during the absolute refractory period
Small neurotransmitters are synthesized in the __
whereas large neuropeptides are synthesized in the __
presynaptic terminals,
soma
Which of the following is (are) NOT true of all neurotransmitters?
A. They are endogenous biochemicals.
B. They increase the likelihood that the next neuron will fire
C. They are released into the synaptic cleft
D. They affect the postsynaptic membrane
E. They are stored in synaptic vesicles
B.
They increase the likelihood that the next neuron will fire
Which of the following is (are) true about postsynaptic potentials (PSPs)?
A. A neurotransmitter must be released into the synaptic cleft
B. A neurotransmitter must bind or fit into a receptor site
C. A postsynaptic potential is a graded response
D. It affects the probability of a neuronal impulse based on its size and polarity
E. All of the above
E. All of the above:
A neurotransmitter must be released into the synaptic cleft
A neurotransmitter must bind or fit into a receptor site
A postsynaptic potential is a graded response
It affects the probability of a neuronal impulse based on its size and polarity
A __ ligand is a naturally occurring molecule whereas an __ ligand is a
drug or toxin.
endogenous,
exogenous
Which is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?
A. serotonin
B. glutamate
C. dopamine
D. GABA
B.
glutamate
What is the Starting Reagent for the Synthesis of Serotonin?
Tryptophan
Which of the following mechanisms would you associate with an antagonist drug action?
A. A drug that binds postsynaptic receptors and mimics the effect of the endogenous neurotransmitter
B. A drug that prevents the normal reuptake of neurotransmitters inside presynaptic terminals
C. A drug that increases the enzymatic synthesis of neurotransmitters
D. A drug that binds postsynaptic receptors and blocks the normal action of the endogenous neurotransmitter
D.
A drug that binds postsynaptic receptors and blocks the normal action of the endogenous neurotransmitter
A drug that affects the presynaptic cell via transmitter clearance would
Inactivate transmitter reuptake
Which neurotransmitter is found in motor neurons and is responsible for producing muscle contraction through its release at the neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine
Alcohol up-regulates the number of GABA receptors. This is an example of drug effects on
Postsynaptic mechanisms
