Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
imperial bureaucracy (China)
A
a vast organization in which appointed officials carried out the empire’s policies, strengthening the dynasty’s control
2
Q
civil service exam
A
In Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy
During the Song Dynasty, Emperor Song Taizu expanded educational opportunities for young men -> social mobility, weakened aristocrats, more elaborate because of ability to print books
3
Q
meritocracy
A
a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement
4
Q
Grand Canal
A
the 1,100-mile waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers; begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire
-effective internal waterway transportation system
–enabled huge, populous trading centers
5
Q
Champa rice
A
quick-maturing, drought-resistant rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season; sent from Vietnam to China as a tribute gift (tributary system)
6
Q
Proto-Industrialization
A
a set of economic changes in which people in rural areas made more goods than they could sell; relied more on home-based or community-based production using simple equipment; led to rise of artisans
7
Q
artisans (China)
A
skilled craftworkers; produced steel and other products in widely dispersed smelting facilities, manufactured porcelain and silk
8
Q
How did the Song Dynasty promote the growth of a commercial economy?
A
changing how they built public projects, such as roads and irrigation canals
by paying people to work for the government (increasing the amount of money in circulation)
growth of artisans who manufactured steel, porcelain, and silk (lucrative products)
tributary system
9
Q
tributary system
A
set of practices that required non-Chinese authorities to acknowledge Chinese superiority and their own subordinate place in a Chinese-centered world order; some “tributes” were actually protection money from the Chinese to the nomadic empires
10
Q
kowtow
A
a former Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission; ritual for anyone greeting the emperor
11
Q
scholar gentry
A
Chinese class of well-educated men from whom many bureaucrats were chosen; most influential; Confucian-educated
12
Q
foot binding
A
practice in Chinese society to mutilate women’s feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted movement; made it easier to confine women to the household; signified social status, something suitors particularly desired
13
Q
woodblock printing
A
a type of printing in which text is carved into a block of wood and the block is then coated with ink and pressed on the page
14
Q
Theravada Buddhism
A
sect of Buddhism, focusing on personal spiritual growth through silent meditation and self-discipline; strongest in Southeast Asia
15
Q
Mahayana Buddhism
A
sect of Buddhism, focused on spiritual growth for all beings and service; strongest in China and Korea
16
Q
Tibetan Buddhism
A
sect of Buddhism, focusing on chanting; strongest in Tibet
17
Q
syncretism
A
a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith; the unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion
18
Q
Chan Buddhism
A
Buddhist doctrines combined with the elements of Daoist traditions; emphasized direct experience and meditation as opposed to formal learning based on studying scripture; became popular in China and many monasteries appeared in most major cities
19
Q
filial piety
A
The duty of family members to subordinate their desires to those of the male head of the family and to the ruler; helped the Song maintain their rule in China
20
Q
Neo-Confucianism
A
syncretic system, combining rational thought with more abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism; emphasized ethics rather than the mysteries of God and nature; popular in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
21
Q
Heian period
A
Japan emulated Chinese traditions in politics, art, and literature; however, Japanese writers also moved in new directions
22
Q
Japanese feudalism
A
Four class system laid down with marriage restrictions and to members of the same class. 1-emporer and shogun. 2- dayimo. 3- samurai 4- artisans, commoners 5- merchants; without a centralized government; built upon hereditary hierarchies; very little social mobility
23
Q
daimyo
A
Japan’s large landowners/ aristocrats; vassals of the shogun or emperor
24
Q
How is Japanese feudalism similar to European feudalism?
A
both have a system of mutual obligations, a code of conduct for warriors(European chivalry and Japanese bushido), and have a class hierarchy based on it; little social mobility
25
how is Japanese feudalism different from European feudalism?
The daimyo enjoyed much more power than the nobility in Europe did, ruling over vast stretches of land and, in reality, were more powerful than either the emperor or the shogun. moreover, in Europe the ideal knight held to the code of chivalry, but the Japanese samurais followed bushido.
26
bushido
The Feudal Japanese code of honor among the warrior class; stressed frugality, loyalty, the martial arts, and honor unto death
27
how was the Japanese system of government different from the Chinese?
Chinese- emperor who oversaw a large civilian bureaucracy, central government strong enough to promote trade and peace
Japanese- Minamoto clan installed a shogun, emperor had little power, suffering from regional rivalries among aristocrats
28
How was Korea similar to China?
centralized its government in the style of the Chinese; adopted both Confucian and Buddhist beliefs; adopted Chinese writing system temporarily
29
How was Korea different from China?
landed aristocracy were more powerful in Korea than in China; Korean elite were able to prevent certain Chinese reforms from ever being implemented (e.g. civil service exam was not open to peasants)
30
nuclear families
Social groups consisting of one or two parents and their biological, dependent children, living in a household with no other kin
31
how was Vietnamese culture different from Chinese culture?
-Vietnamese women enjoyed greater independence in their married lives.
-Chinese lived in extended families, but the Vietnamese preferred nuclear families.
-Political centralization was nonexistent in Vietnam.
-Vietnamese merit-based bureaucracy owed more allegiance to the village peasants, even leading revolts against the government.
-no polygyny and no foot binding
32
Sinification
Extensive adoption of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.
33
polygyny
a form of marriage in which men have more than one wife
34
guerilla warfare
A hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes; used by Vietnamese against the Tang Dynasty
35
House of Wisdom
An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad in 830 C.E. by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun.; helped transfer knowledge throughout Afro-Eurasia, significantly contributing the Golden Age of Civilizations
36
Egyptian Mamluks
Arabs often purchased enslaved peoples, or Mamluks, who served as soldiers and later bureaucrats. In 1250 Mamluks seized control in Egypt establishing the Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1517) They facilitated trade in cotton and sugar between the Islamic world and Europe
37
Seljuk Turks
nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader; extending their power almost as Far East as Western China; leader called himself sultan
38
Mongols
attacked the Abbasid Empire; came from Central Asia; conquered the remaining Abbasid Empire and ended the Seljuk rule
39
Baghdad
Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon; as trade patterns slowly shifted to routes farther north, Baghdad lost its traditional place at the center of trade, losing its wealth and population
40
Abbasid Calliphate
(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Muslim could be a part of.
41
Golden Age of Baghdad
-translated Greek literary classics into Arabic, saving Greek works from oblivion
-studied mathematics texts from India and transferred knowledge of Europeans
-adopted techniques for paper-making from China, Europeans learned to make paper
-other innovations and inventions (e.g. medical advances and observatory)
42
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
One of the most celebrated Islamic scholars. He contributed to astronomy, law, logic, ethics, mathematics, philosophy, and medicine; his observatory was the most advanced in the world and produced the most accurate astronomical charts; studied relationship between sides of triangle and angles (basis of trigonometry)
43
Ibn Khaldun
well-known for his historical accounts and is widely acknowledged as the founder of the fields of historiography and sociology
44
'A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah
prolific female Muslim writer; wrote a long poem honoring Muhammad called "Clear Inspiration, on Praise with the Trusted One"; her poems reflected contrast between most Muslims and Sufis
45
Sufis
unlike Muslims who focused on intellectual pursuits, such as the study of the Quran, Sufis emphasized introspection to grasp truths that they believed could not be understood through learning; missionaries tended to adapt to local cultures and traditions
46
Why were merchants viewed as more prestigious than did other societies in Europe and Asia at the time?
Muhammad himself had been a merchant, as had his first wife. Merchants could grow rich from their dealings across the Indian Ocean and Central Asia. They were esteemed as long as they maintained fair dealings and gave to charity in accord with the pillars of the Islamic faith.
47
slavery in Islam
Islamic law prohibited slavery of other Muslims and people of 'the Book', Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians; slaves were often imported from Africa, Kievan Rus, and Central Asia; institution of hereditary slavery had not been developed
48
How did slave women have more independence than legal Muslim wives?
might find themselves serving as concubines; able to go to markets and to run errands; permitted to dance or perform musically before unrelated men
49
hijab
a term that can refer either to the practice of dressing modestly or to a specific type of covering
50
Muhammad's policies towards women
treated his wives with love and devotion; insisted that dowries be paid to the future wife rather than to her father; forbade female infanticide; first wife was educated and owned her own business, which set a pattern for the recognition of women's abilities
51
How did Islamic women enjoy a higher status than Christian or Jewish women?
Islamic women were allowed to inherit property and retain ownership after marriage, could remarry if widowed or receive a cash settlement if divorced, initiate divorce, practice birth control, be protected from retaliation after testifying in a court under shariah
52
Battle of Tours
Islamic advance in Western Europe was stopped here after defeat against Frankish forces
53
Al-Andalus
A Muslim-ruled region in what is now Spain, established by the Berbers in the eighth century A.D.; Cordoba had the largest library in the world at the time
54
Chola Dynasty
one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the history of southern India; extended its rule to Ceylon, known as Sri Lanka
55
Vijayanagara Empire
independent empire proclaimed by Harihara and Bukka; "city of victory". Dominate state in southern India until 1565
brought order to Southern India, Second State that dominated much of Southern India, based in North Deccan. Origins to Sultans of Dehli.
56
Rajput Kingdoms
Gradually formed in northern India and present day Pakistan. These were Hindu kingdoms led by the leaders of numerous clans, no centralized government arose, once again demonstrating the diversity & the regionalism of South Asia. The lack of a centralized power left the kingdoms vulnerable to Muslim attacks
57
Delhi Sultanate
The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controlled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.
58
Why did some Hindus convert to Islam during the Delhi Sultanate's rule?
they converted because the Hindus were born into a low system of the caste system that they could not get out of.
59
Why did many Hindus in the Delhi Sultanate resent the government?
the Delhi Sultanate imposed jizya (tax) on all non-Muslim subjects of the empire and never organized an efficient bureaucracy in the style of the Chinese.
60
differences between Hinduism and Islam
Hindus pray to many gods, while Islam is strictly monotheistic. Hindu temples and artwork are replete with pictures of deities, while Muslims disapprove of any visual representation of Allah. Hinduism was associated with a hierarchical caste system, while Islam has always called for the equality of all believers. Hindus recognize several sacred texts, while Muslims look to only Quran for spiritual guidance.
61
Srivijaya Empire
A maritime Hindu empire that controlled the strait of Malacca between India and China.built up navy and prospered by charging fees for ships traveling between India and China; modern-day Sumatra
62
proselytize
to convert someone to a faith, belief, or cause
63
Why were the largest numbers of converts to Islam in India Buddhist?
corruption among the monks and raids on monasteries by early Muslim conquerors left the Buddhist religion disorganized
64
Why did the arrival of Islam do little to alter the basic structure of society in South Asia?
India's caste system is its strongest historical continuity. While obviously inequitable, it lent stability to a politically decentralized land.
65
Qutub Minar
world's tallest brick minaret. built during the Delhi Sultanate, it is a famous example of the melding of Hindu art with the geometric patterns preferred by Islamic architecture. It is an example syncretism in architecture
66
Urdu
A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s
67
Bhakti Movement
An immensely popular development in Hinduism, advocating intense devotion toward a particular deity; mystical movements, emphasized inner reflection in order to achieve a direct personal relationship with a deity; less emphasis on strict adherence to traditional rituals and beliefs; helped spread Hinduism
68
Srivijaya Empire
A maritime Hindu empire that controlled the strait of Malacca between India and China. built up navy and prospered by charging fees for ships traveling between India and China; modern-day Sumatra
69
Majapahit Kingdom
based on Java; had 98 tributaries; controlled sea routes (Sunda strait) but was Buddhist
70
Sinhala Dynasties
in Sri Lanka, rooted in the arrival of early immigrants (most likely merchants) from North India; center of Buddhist study with monasteries and nunneries flourishing
71
What role did Buddhist priests play in Sinhala dynasties?
Priest often served as advisors to the monarchs. However, attacks by invaders from India and conflicts between the monarchy and the priests ultimately weakened the kingdoms.
72
Khmer Empire
also known as Angkor kingdom, situated near Mekong River, did not depend on maritime prowess for its power; complex irrigation and drainage systems led to economic prosperity, making it one of the most prosperous kingdoms in SE Asia
73
How did Khmer Empire's complex irrigation and drainage systems lead to economic prosperity?
Irrigation allowed farmers to harvest rice crops several times a year, and drainage systems reduced the impact of the heavy monsoon rains.
74
Cahokia
The dominant center of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture, located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri; flourished from about 900 to 1250 C.E.
75
Mississippian Culture's class structure
1) chief called the Great Sun ran each large town
2) upper class of priests and nobles
3) farmers, hunters, merchants, and artisans
4) slaves (usually prisoners of war)
76
matrilineal society
a society in which descent & inheritance come through the mother's kinship line (e.g. when the Great Sun died, the title passed not to his own son, but to a sister's son)
77
decline of Mississippian Civilization
- people abandoned Cahokia and large cities in area by 1600s
- may be due to flooding or extreme weather patterns or diseases brought in from Europeans
78
The Chacon
in southwestern United States, dry region, arid climate, trees small and scarce; built large housing structures using stones and clay, some of which include hundreds of rooms
79
The Mesa Verde
in southwestern United States, dry region, arid climate, trees small and scarce; built multi-story homes into the sides of cliffs using bricks made of sandstone
80
Mayan government
city-states ruled by a king who claimed to be descended from a god; rarely fought to control territory, more often to gain tribute and captives for human sacrifices; no central government, no standing armies; people were required to pay taxes
81
city-state
a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state
82
Mayan calendar
reflected a powerful urge to identify meaningful cycles of time and to understand human events in the context of those cycles. It consisted of two kinds of years, a solar year that consisted of 365 days for agriculture, and a ritual year for daily affairs.
83
Mayan technology
concept of 0, complex writing system, make rubber out of liquid collected from rubber plants, accurate calendar through precise observatories
84
Aztecs (Mexica)
an empire originally of hunter-gatherers who migrated to central Mexico from the North and founded their capital Tenochtitlan; conquered surrounding peoples
85
Tenochtitlan
Capital of the Aztec Empire; an island located in the middle of a swampy lake that protects it from attacks
86
How did the Aztecs alter the environment to make Tenochtitlan livable?
To provide water for the city, they built a network of aqueducts; chinampas; dug ditches to use lake water to irrigate their fields and drain parts of the lake for more land
87
Aztec government
-Developed tribute system that insured dominance
--Tribute: Practical goods, feathers, beads, jewelery
-Local rulers stayed to serve as tribute collectors
-Political dominance w/o direct control
-Divided into provinces; soldiers placed to reassure control & collect tribute from local officials
-Theocracy
88
theocracy
A government controlled by religious leaders
-Great Speaker, political ruler as well as a divine representative of the gods
-land-owning nobles, forming majority of Aztec military citizenship
-scribes and healers
-craftspeople and traders
-peasants and soldiers
89
Aztec religion
worshipped an ever-evolving pantheon of hundreds of deities involving a great many rituals and feast days as well as human sacrifices
90
chinampas
Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.
91
decline of the Aztecs
-Spanish invasion
-weakened by disease brought by the Spanish
-low level of technology, such as the lack of wheeled vehicles and pack animals, made agriculture arduous and inefficient
-commitment to military victory and the constant desire for human sacrifices induced the leadership to expand the empire beyond what it could reasonably govern
-resentment by conquered people because of tribute and sacrifices
92
Pachacuti
tribal leader conquered tribes living near what is now Cuzco, Peru; his military victories combined the small tribes into the Incan Empire
93
mit'a system
conquered people's mandatory public service instead of paying tribute; provided agricultural and other forms of labor, including the construction of roads
94
Incan religion
They believed in six major gods, The Sun God, Moon god, earth god, sea god and thunder and lightning god. They also believed that animal spirits inhabited the earth; animism
95
Temple of the Sun
Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas; honoring of the sun and royal ancestor veneration
96
What were the priests' role in the Incan Empire?
priests were consulted before important actions. to the Inca, the gods controlled all things, and priests could determine the gods' will. priests diagnosed illnesses, predicted outcome of battles, solved crimes, and determined what sacrifices should be made to which god.
97
animism
belief that elements of the physical world could have supernatural powers; huaca, or large geographical features such as river or a mountain peak, or small objects
98
quipu
An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information for trade and engineering and for recording messages to be carried throughout the empire
99
waru waru
agricultural techniques of South America; combines raised beds with irrigation channels to prevent erosion
100
Carpa Nan
during Incan rule, this is a massive roadway system made possible by captive labor, stretched 25,00 miles; used mainly by the government and military
101
decline of Incan Empire
-midst of civil war of succession after the death of emperor Huayna Capac
—weakened the Incan army
-Pizarro's army conquered the core of the empire
102
kin-based networks
Sub-Saharan African community organization in which families governed themselves; a chief, or head male mediated conflicts for the group
became more difficult to govern as populations grew
103
Hausa Kingdoms
1 kingdom divided into 7 states that were loosely connected through kinship, blood, or ethnic ties; had no main central authority but rather ruled each state separate from one another; mainly benefited economically from the trans-Saharan trade network
104
trans-Saharan trade
- A network of trading routes across the great desert
- States of the Hausa Kingdoms used this
105
kingdom of Ghana
First of the great medieval trading empires of western Africa (7th - 13th century). Located in what is now southeastern Mauritania and part of Mali, sold gold and ivory to Muslim traders in exchange for salt, copper, cloth, and tools
106
Mali Kingdom
the Islamic kingdom of Mali was one of the great kingdoms of Africa, it had total control over the gold trade in Africa and its city of Timbuktu contained a group of scholars who North Africans and South Europeans came to study.
107
Mansa Musa
Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.
108
Zimbabwe Kingdom
Houses build of stone. One of the most powerful countries of that time. Based on agriculture, grazing, trade, taxes on transport, and gold. Known for defensive wall around the capital.
109
Indian Ocean Trade
connected to Europe, Africa, South Asia, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion, spread of goods, ideas; Zimbabwe traded with coastal cities
110
Swahili
Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa; spoken by various groups in the African Great Lakes region as well as other parts of Southeast Africa
111
Great Zimbabwe
massive wall of stone, 30 feet tall by 15 feet thick, surrounding the capital city, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state; protection and display of wealth
112
Ethiopia
A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa
113
Ethiopian Christianity
developed distinctive features and independently; people combined their traditional faith traditions, such as ancestor veneration and beliefs in spirits, with Christianity
114
Social Structures of Sub-Saharan Africa
- Strong central governments were uncommon, kinship was still more popular
- Men dominated activities that required a special skill (blacksmiths, leather tanners, etc.)
- Women engaged in agriculture and food gathering. Responsible for chores and the children
- Owning a large number of slaves increased ones social status
- Demand for workers in Middle East resulted in Indian Ocean slave trade between East Africa and Middle East
115
Indian Ocean slave trade
E. Africa -> Middle East & India/ Similar conditions to the Atlantic Slave Trade/ Cultural Diffusion
116
Zanj Rebellion
A series of revolts by East African slaves working on sugar plantations in Mesopotamia, led by Ali bin Muhammad; the large size and long length of time before it was defeated make the Zanj Rebellion one of the most successful slave revolts in history
117
Why were visual arts, music, and storytelling important aspects of cultures in Africa?
provided enjoyment and mark rituals such as weddings and funerals; song lyrics provided a means of communicating with the spirit world; religious purpose
118
griots
Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings in Sub-Saharan Africa; preserved a people's history and passed that history on from generation to generation
119
feudalism (Europe)
a decentralized political organization based on a system of exchanges of land for loyalty; system of mutual obligations
-a monarch granted tracts of land, called fiefs, to lords. in return, a lord became a king's vassal.
-lords then provided land to knights. in return, knights became vassals of the lord, and pledged to fight for the lord or king.
-lords also provided land and protection to peasants. in return, peasants were obligated to farm the lord's land and provide the lord with crops and livestock, and to obey the lord's orders.
120
code of chivalry
an unwritten set of rules for conduct focusing on honor, courtesy, and bravery as a way to resolve disputes
121
manorial system
an economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around large estates called manors; provided economic self-sufficiency and defense, limiting the need for trade or contact with outsiders
122
serfs
People who gave their land to a lord and offered their servitude in return for protection from the lord.
123
three-field system
A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe.
124
how did monarchies grow more powerful in the Later Middle Ages?
employing their own bureaucracy and a military, working directly for the king and queen; less need for feudal lords
125
Estates-General
France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners
126
why did Estates-General have little power?
French kings did not enact regular taxes from the upper two estates. the clergy and nobility felt little responsibility to protect a government that they were not financing
127
Lay Investiture Controversy
A dispute over whether a secular leader, rather than the pope, could invest bishops with the symbols of office; Church achieved autonomy from secular authorities
128
Magna Carta
the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215; consulting a guarantee of certain rights; limited King's powers
129
English Parliament
England's chief law-making body. It was a key institution in the development of representative democracy as it provided some voice and recognition of the rights and interests of various groups in society. It was involved in creating taxes and passing laws. It is similar to our Congress in the United States (which passes laws).
130
Hundred Years War
Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families; English retained only the port of Calais in France
131
what are some important results of the Hundred Years War?
on each side, serving under a monarch fostered a sense of unity among soldiers who often spoke distinct languages or dialects. the war marked another step towards people identifying themselves as "English" or "French" rather than from a particular region
demonstrated the spreading use of gunpowder weapons
132
Reconquista
The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.
133
Great Schism
in 1054 this severing of relations divided medieval Christianity into the already distinct Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively. Relations between East and West had long been embittered by political and ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes.
134
why did the Church hold great power in the feudal system?
if a lord displeased the Church, it could pressure the lord in various ways. a local bishop might cancel religious services for his serfs. this angered the serfs, who would demand that the lord give in to the bishop.
135
monasticism
A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith; monasteries and nunneries
136
Crusades
A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule; started as a power play by Pope Urban II
137
primogeniture
A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere
138
how did the church recruit believers?
granted relief from required acts of atonement and penance and even promised people they would reach heaven sooner if they joined a Crusade
139
result of the First Crusade
European army conquered Jerusalem; promoted cultural exchange between Europe and the Middle East; increased demand for Middle Eastern goods
140
Marco Polo
Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.
141
bourgeoisie
AKA burghers; the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
the growth in long-distance commerce brought about the rise of bourgeoisie
142
result of the Black Death
-Peasant revolution/serfdom over
-Worked demand higher pay
-Production on the rise
143
Little Ice Age
Temporary but significant cooling period between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms, causing famines and dislocation; created social unrest (crime rate and discrimination against minorities)
144
Antisemitism
hostility to or prejudice against Jews. Between the 13th and 15th century, many Western European countries expelled Jews, forcing many to relocate to Eastern Europe.
145
how did Jews and Muslims help shape European society?
unlike most people in Europe in the Middle Ages, Jews lived in urban areas, and they served as a bridge between Christians and Muslims whose goods they desired in trade; opened up world of trade
146
gender roles in Europe
women found their rights eroding as a wave of patriarchal thinking and writing accompanied the movement from an agricultural society to the more urban one. even fewer women than men received an education, but some women became artisans and members of guilds and had greater opportunities in religious orders.
147
Renaissance
"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome
148
humanism
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
149
cultural changes in Renaissance
increased use of vernacular language, propelled the rise of powerful monarchies, the centralization of governments, and the birth of nationalism
150
Kievan Rus
-adopted Orthodox Christianity, maimed closer relationship with Byzantines
-invaded by Mongols, finally resists after nobles grew wealth
151
technological innovations of Song China
Champa rice, transportation innovations like the Grand Canal expansion, steel and iron production, textiles and porcelains for export
152
how did commercialization in China affect women's rights?
rapidly commercializing economy undermined the position of women in the textile industry. urban workshops and state factories were run by men and took work from rural women
-the Song offered mixture of tightening restrictions and new opportunities
153
Shintoism
Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship.
154
dhimmis
"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus; protected by second-class subjects of the empire; practiced their religions freely after paying a jizya, tax substituted for military service; could even serve high positions in Muslim kingdoms
155
sharia law
the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed
156
causes of the rise of Islamic States
-military action
-merchants and missionaries
-Muhammad as a political and religious leader
-desire to control key trade routes
-appeal to Islam's religious ideals (universalizing faith open to anyone)
-conquest
157
monsoon winds
seasonal wind in India that made Indian Ocean trade possible; winds blew eastward in the summer and westward in the winter
158
Describe one way in which the political structures in inland Africa differed from those in East Africa in the period 1200-1450.
Political structures in inland Africa tended to be decentralized and dependent on kinship ties, while in East Africa there were kingdoms, some of them centralized.
159
Describe one way in which the political structures in West Africa were similar to those in East Africa in the period 1200-1450.
Both were monarchies.
160
Explain one way in which slavery affected relations among African states in the period 1200-1450.
Prisoners of war were often enslaved which led to tensions between African states
161
iron-tipped plow
Plow that allowed to farm heavier soil; increased agricultural production
162
Hanseatic League
an economic and defensive alliance of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance
independent trading cities unified through desire for economic security
163
ecclesiastical
having to do with the church or the clergy
164
Italy in the Middle Ages
-series of ecclesiastical states, city-states, and principalities
-Papal State directly controlled by Pope, good-sized territory in central Italy
-by 12th century, city-states increasingly displace Church control in Northern Italy
-Normans invade southern Italy, displace Byzantine and Muslim authorities
165
urbanization
An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.
166
guilds
Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests; by 13th century control good portion of urban economy (price and quality control, membership); created social support network
