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MT636 - HISTOLOGY > UNIT 1 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of tissues of the body and how tissues are arranged to constitute organs

A

Histology

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2
Q

Other term for histology

A

microscopic anatomy or microanatomy

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3
Q

French word “tissue” means

A

Weave or texture

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4
Q

What year did tissue not refer to organic, cellular layers, but rather to anything woven or textured

A

1700s

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5
Q

Tissue was coined by French scientist

A

Bichat

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6
Q

First microscopes were constructed where

A

Netherlands

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7
Q

First microscopes were constructed when

A

Late 15000s

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8
Q

Images are poor under what magnification

A

3x-9x

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9
Q

4 basic types of tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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10
Q

Different types and functions of cells

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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11
Q

Different types of characteristics of the matrix

A

Elastic, hard or gelatinous

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12
Q

Different relative amount of space occupied by cells versus matrix

A

Connective tissue vs muscle and epithelium

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13
Q

The embryo begins as what?

A

A single cell

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14
Q

What Divides into many cells that form layers (strata)?

A

Embryo

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15
Q

Three primary germ layers

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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16
Q

Primary germ layer that is found in the epidermis and nervous system

A

Ectoderm

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17
Q

Primary germ layer that has mucous membranes and digestive glands

A

Endoderm

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18
Q

Primary germ layer that forms mesenchyme

A

Mesoderm

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19
Q

Primary germ layer that gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood

A

Mesoderm

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20
Q

Preparation of histological specimens

A

Fixation, sections, mounted on slides and stained

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21
Q

Reduces a 3-dimensional structure to a 2-dimensional

A

Sectioning (slicing) an organ or tissue

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22
Q

Types of tissue sections

A

Longitudinal, cross, oblique

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23
Q

Tissue cut along the longest direction of an organ

A

Longitudinal

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24
Q

Tissue cut perpendicular to the length of an organ

A

Cross

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25
Q

Tissue cut at an angle between a cross & longitudinal

A

Oblique

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26
Q

One or more layers of closely adhering cells

A

Epithelial tissue

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27
Q

What forms on the top of the epithelial tissue?

A

flat sheet with the upper surface exposed to the environment or an internal body cavity

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28
Q

the bottom of the epithelial tissue sits where?

A

Basement membrane

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29
Q

Types of arrangement of layers

A

Simple, stratified

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30
Q

Cell shapes

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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31
Q

Most abundant and variable tissue type

A

Connective tissue

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32
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A
  1. Binding of organs
  2. Support, protection, and movement
  3. Storage
  4. Transport
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33
Q

T/F Connective tissue has widely spaced cells

A

True

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34
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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35
Q

T/F the plasma membrane of the three muscle tissues cannot change their electrical states

A

False, it can

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36
Q

T/F the three muscle tissues can send an electrical wave called an action potential along the entire length of the membrane

A

True

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37
Q

T/F Nervous system can influence the excitability of cardiac and smooth muscle

A

True

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38
Q

T/F Skeletal muscle is completely independent from signaling from the nervous system

A

False, it is dependent

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39
Q

Both muscle types can respond to other stimuli

A

Hormones and local stimuli

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40
Q

What type of tissue is composed of nerve and glial cells?

A

Nervous tissue

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41
Q

Type of tissue that is responsible for the computation and computation that the nervous system provides

A

Nervous tissue

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42
Q

T/F Nervous tissue electrically active and release chemical signals to communicate between each other and with target cells

A

True

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43
Q

T/F nervous tissue are larger than neurons and play a supporting role for nervous tissue

A

False, they are smaller than neurons

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44
Q

Functions of glial cells

A
  • Maintain the extracellular environment around neurons
  • Improve signal conduction I neurons
  • Protect them from pathogens
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45
Q

T/F Glial cell number matches neuron number and can send signals themselves

A

True

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46
Q

Description of cell

A
  • Basic, structural, morphologic, developmental, functional unit of living organism
  • Mass of protoplasm containing a nucleus
  • Smallest biologic entity capable of independent existence
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47
Q

Cell constructed by imagination to include parts which can be found in other cells

A

Hypothetical cell

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48
Q

Organelles are formed by

A

Golgi apparatus

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49
Q

Organelles are secreted by

A

Exocytosis

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50
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

Rough ER

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51
Q

T/F Golgi apparatus contains materials produced in the cell

A

False, organelle

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52
Q

Permeability barrier that allows the cell to maintain an interior composition far different from that of the extracellular fluid

A

Cellular membrane

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53
Q

2 proposed structures of the cellular membrane

A

Davson and Danielli
Fluid Mosaic Model

54
Q

Proposed structure model that involves a Trilaminar structure

A

Davson and Danielli

55
Q

Proposed structure model that was inspired by Singer and Nicholson

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

56
Q

Creates kinks, prevents the close packing of the hydrophobic tails

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

57
Q

Stabilize and regulate the fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer

A

Cholesterol

58
Q

The dual properties of fluidity and flexibility of the cell membrane

A
  • Decrease fluidity
  • Decrease permeability to small water soluble molecules
59
Q

Carbohydrate moieties – functions as receptors or antigens

A

Glycolipids

60
Q

Three membrane proteins

A

Peripheral proteins, intrinsic/integral proteins, transmembrane proteins

61
Q

Membrane protein found on the cytoplasmic side of the inner leaflet

A

Peripheral proteins

62
Q

Membrane protein that may have just a segment embedded in one of the leaflets with a lipid anchor

A

Intrinsic/integral proteins

63
Q

Membrane protein that span the lipid bilayer – functional on both sides of the bilayer

A

Transmembrane proteins

64
Q

T/F cells are polarized

A

True

65
Q

has an organized dimensional structure o Superior, inferior, lateral, distal

A

polarized cell

66
Q

Superior side of the cell, faces the environment, faces a lumen, connects to the ducts and has channels

A

Apical region

67
Q

Inferior side of the cell, Faces the capillary containing tissue – basement membrane

A

Basolateral region

68
Q

T/F Epithelial cells are supported by basement membrane

A

True

69
Q

Command center of the cell and contains the code for all of a cell’s enzymes and other proteins

A

Nucleus

70
Q

DNA + Nucleoli = ?

A

RNA

71
Q

T/F Nucleus is the site of ribosomes and messenger RNA synthesis

A

True

72
Q

What biological concept is produced by the nucleus?

A

Transcription and Translation

73
Q

Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assemble

A

Nucleolus

74
Q

T/F mRNA is delivered to the ribosomes by nucleus

A

False, delivered by the nucleolus

75
Q

Characteristics of Rough ER

A
  • Granular appearance due to bound ribosomes
  • Primary site of secretory protein synthesis
76
Q

Characteristics of Smooth ER

A
  • Appears smooth due to lack of bound ribosomes
  • Site of lipid biosynthesis, steroid hormone synthesis, intracellular calcium storage, & detoxification of noxious metabolites
77
Q

Consists of stacks of four to six stacked saucer-shaped cisternae

A

Golgi apparatus

78
Q

Sites of intracellular digestion & turnover of cell components

A

Lysosomes

79
Q

Type of lysosome that has small membrane bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes

A

Primary lysosomes

80
Q

Type of lysosome that is a composite structure formed by the fusion of a primary lysosome and a phagocytized foreign body

A

Secondary lysosomes

81
Q

Mobile powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

82
Q

Compartments of the mitochondria

A

Outer membrane, inner membrane, mitochondrial matrix, intramembranous space

83
Q

Sites of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

84
Q

Type of ribosomes that are found scattered in the cytosol

A

Attached ribosomes

85
Q

Important in the proper management of metabolic waste products of the cell

A

Peroxisomes

86
Q

What deposits do the peroxisomes produce?

A

Cytoplasmic

87
Q

Three cytoskeletal components

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

88
Q

Largest organelle within the cell, command center of the cell

A

Cell nucleus

89
Q

Nuclear components of cell nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope, chromatin

90
Q

Selectively permeable membrane separating the nuclear components from the cytoplasmic components

A

Nuclear envelope

91
Q

An eightfold symmetrical structure made up of 30 different nuclear proteins

A

Nuclear pore complexes

92
Q

Gate keeper of the nucleus

A

Nucleoporins

93
Q

Assist in the translocation of proteins, RNAs and ribonuclear particles

A

Karyopherin

94
Q

Also known as importins and exportins

A

karyopherin

95
Q

Made of DNA and all associated proteins involved in the organization and function of DNA

A

Chromatin

96
Q

Components of chromatin

A

DNA, Histones, DNA binding protein, RNA

97
Q

Separate structures that forms when chromatin fibers coil up, Occurs when cell prepares to divide

A

Chromosome

98
Q

Types of chromatin

A

Heterochromatin, euchromatin

99
Q

Chromosomal segments which appear extremely condensed and dark in color in the interphase nucleus

A

Heterochromatin

100
Q

Small, dense sex chromosome, One of the two large X chromosomes present in human females

A

Barr body

101
Q

Structure that produces the initial organization of free double-stranded DNA into chromatin

A

Nucleosome

102
Q

Phases of the cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2, M, G0

103
Q

The cell cycle is regulated by what?

A

cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs)

104
Q

The time gap between mitosis and the beginning of DNA replication

A

G1 phase

105
Q

Period of DNA synthesis

A

S Phase

106
Q

Gap between DNA duplication and the next mitosis

A

G2 phase

107
Q

Includes all phases of mitosis itself

A

M phase

108
Q

Phase when cell activities are temporarily or permanently suspended

A

phase

109
Q

Cell cycle checkpoints

A

G1 checkpoint, Intra S-phase checkpoint, G2/M Checkpoint, Mitotic Checkpoint

110
Q

Cell cycle regulator that govern the transition between phases during cell cycle progression

A

Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs)

111
Q

Critical in chromosome segregation

A

Other kinases – Aurora, Mps1, and Bub

112
Q

Frequently mutated in human cancer and deregulated CDK activity

A

Genes

113
Q

3 classifications of cells

A

Permanent, labile, stable

114
Q

Cells that will never reenter cell cycle

A

Permanent cells

115
Q

Cells that keep on recycling/regenerating new cells

A

Labile cells

116
Q

Cells that remain in the g0

A

Stable cells

117
Q

A parent cell divides and each of the two daughter cells receives a chromosomal set identical to the parent cell

A

mitosis

118
Q

Phases of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

119
Q

Phase where nucleolus disappears and replicated chromatin condenses – discrete threadlike chromosomes

A

Prophase

120
Q

Phase where microtubules move the chromosomes alignment at the equatorial plate

A

Metaphase

121
Q

Phase where chromosomes condense further

A

Metaphase

122
Q

Phase where two sets of chromosomes at the spindle poles begin to revert to their uncondensed state

A

Telophase

123
Q

cycling serves to renew the differentiated cells of its tissues

A

stem cells

124
Q

cells in transit along the path from the stem cell niche to a differentiated state

A

progenitor cells

125
Q

Specialized process involving two unique and closely associated cell divisions – form sperm and egg cells

A

Meiosis

126
Q

Two key features of meiosis

A

Synapsis, cells are haploid

127
Q

reciprocal DNA exchanges

A

crossovers

128
Q

new diploid cell from the union of haploid eggs and sperm at fertilization

A

zygote

129
Q

Process of cell suicide

A

Apoptosis

130
Q

Rapid, highly regulated cellular activity that shrinks and eliminates defective and unneeded cells

A

Apoptosis

MT636 - HISTOLOGY (3 decks)

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