Unit 1 Flashcards
What is biodiversity
Biodiversity is the variety of life found in a particular ecosystem
What are the 3 types of diversity
Ecological diversity
Genetic diversity
Species diversity
What is ecological diversity
The variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an are or on earth
What is genetic diversity
The variety of genetic material within a species or a population
What is species diversity
The number and abundance of a species present in different communities
What is species composition
Which particular species are present
What is species richness
The total number of different species in an area
What is species evenness
How relatively abundant each of the species are
What are some benefits of biodiversity
The higher the biodiversity, the more robust the ecosystem is
- food and drink
- medicines
- ecological services
- leisurely, cultural, and aesthetic values
What are some causes of biodiversity loss
- Pollution
- loss of tropical forest
- spread of urban areas
- warfare
- large dam construction
- road building
- tourism
- loss of traditional lifestyle
What does diversity mean
Different
What is classification
The process by which organisms are grouped together
Who developed the international system of naming organisms
Carl Linnaeus
What Is the international system of naming called
Binomial nomenclature
How does binomial nomenclature work
The first name is the genus name (always capitalized) the second name is the species name (always lower case)
E.g Canis Lupus
The name is AlWAYS underlined when
HANDWRITTEN
What is taxonomy
The study of classifying organisms
What are taxonomists
Scientists who specialize in studying the relationships among organisms
What are taxons
Taxons are groups that classify organisms from least specific to most
What are all the taxons in order from least specific to most
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
What is evidence from anatomy
- The study of the structure of organisms
- Using anatomical evidence from living species to determine relationships among organisms
What is evidence from physiology
- The study of the function of animals
- includes studying the biochemistry and proteins of organisms
-since proteins are determined from genes and DNA the degree of genetic similarities is determined
What is evidence from DNA
The more genes and genetic Sequences two individuals have in common the more closely related they are
What is phylogeny
Used to present an evolutionary hypothesis about an organisms history
What is caladogram
A branching diagram that resembles a phylogenetic tree
Characteristics of prokaryotes
Size - 1-10 um
Kingdoms - Bacteria and Archaea
DNA - circular
No nucleus, no membrane bound organelles
Reproduction - asexual (binary fission)
Unicellular
Many are anaerobic (do not require oxygen to carry out cellular respiration)
Characteristics of Eukaryotes
Size - 100-1000um
Kingdoms - Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals
DNA - linear
Nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Reproduction- sexual (Meiosis) Asexual (mitosis)
Multi or unicellular
Many are aerobic (require oxygen to carry out cellular respiration)
Are viruses living
No
Why aren’t viruses living?
Viruses lack cells, cytoplasm, organelles, and a cell membrane
The do not carry out respirations or other life processes
What do viruses consist of
Viruses consist of a few strands of DNA and RNA, surrounded by a capsid
What is a characteristic that viruses share with living things
The ability to multiply
How does a virus multiply, can it do it on its own
Viruses cannot multiply on its own it depends on the metabolism of a cell to replicate its DNA or RNA
What does a capsid do
A capsid protects the virus from attacks, and allows it to attach to specific host cells
What are the two types of viral reproduction
Lysic and Lysogenic
What is lytic viral reproduction
Immediate response infection and symptoms
What is lysogenic viral reproduction
Viral DNA becomes integrated into host cell’s genome and is passed on through mitosis
What is the lytic cycle
- ATTACHMENT - a virus attaches to a specific receptor site on the cell membrane of the host cells
- ENTRY - once the virus lands on the host cell it, it injects its nucleic acid into the host cell
- REPLICATION - the viral DNA and RNA becomes replicated and the host cell’s DNA begins to break down
- ASSEMBLY - new virus particles are assembled
- LYSIS & RELEASE: The host cell breaks open (lysis), and the newly formed viruses are released. These viruses will now go on to infect more cells
How many minutes does the lytic cycle take and how many new viruses are reproduced
The entire process takes approximately 30 minutes, and each time, about 200 new viruses are produced
What are archaea’s
They are referred to as extreme-o-philes
They are prokaryotic
They’re are 3 different groups based on their metabolism
Why are archaea called extreme-o-philes
It’s because they love extreme conditions i.E high salinity, high temperature, high acidity, ect
What are the three groups archaea are classified into
- Methanogen
- Halophiles
- Thermoacidophiles
What are methanogens
They are archaea
They produce methane waste
They live in anaerobic environments (below surface of swamps, in sewage-disposal plants)
They use carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, or hydrogen sulfide as a source of energy
What are halophiles
They are salt loving archaea
They live in extremely salty conditions (salt concentration can reach 15% regular sea water is only 3.5% salinity)
What are thermoacidophiles
They are heat and acid loving archaea
They live in extremely hot (above 80°c) and acidic environments
They can live in volcanoes and hot springs
What are the three domains
Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria
What are bacteria
They are prokaryotes
They live as single cells and therefore are unicellular
Their preferred method of reproduction is asexual reproduction
When classifying bacteria what are the three shapes and the name associated with them
- Round and Cocci (singular coccus)
- Rod-shaped and Bacilli (singular bacillus)
- Spiral-shaped and Spirilli (singular spirillus)
When referring to bacteria what does the prefix diploi- mean
Arranged in pairs
When referring to bacteria what does the prefix staphylo- mean
Arranged in clusters
When referring to bacteria what does the prefix strepto- mean
Arranged in chain
What does diplococci mean
Round bacteria in pairs
What does streptobacilli mean
Rod-shaped bacteria arranged in a chain
What does staphlospirilli mean
Spiral-shaped bacteria arranged in clusters
What are bacteria classified by
- Shape
- Cell wall structure
- Carbon and energy sources
What is gram stain used for
Gram stain is used to highlight basic differences in the arrangement of amino acid and sugar molecules in bacteria cell walls
What is gram-positive bacteria
Gram positive bacteria have a think protein layer on their cell wall and stain purple
What is gram-negative bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria have a thin protein layer on their cell walls and stain pink
What do photosynthetic bacteria use for their energy source
Light
What do chemosynthetic bacteria use for their energy source
Inorganic compounds
Why can’t bacteria reproduce by mitosis or meiosis
It’s because they lack a nucleus
What is asexual reproduction in bacteria called
Binary fission
What are the steps to binary fission
- As bacterial cell grows, it makes a copy of its original, single chromosome. The cell elongates and separates the two chromosomes
- A septum begins to form and begins dividing the elongated call
- The septum is complete and distinct cell walls form
- The cells separate into 2 smaller, genetically identical cells
