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Grade 11 Bio > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is biodiversity

A

Biodiversity is the variety of life found in a particular ecosystem

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of diversity

A

Ecological diversity
Genetic diversity
Species diversity

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3
Q

What is ecological diversity

A

The variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an are or on earth

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4
Q

What is genetic diversity

A

The variety of genetic material within a species or a population

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5
Q

What is species diversity

A

The number and abundance of a species present in different communities

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6
Q

What is species composition

A

Which particular species are present

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7
Q

What is species richness

A

The total number of different species in an area

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8
Q

What is species evenness

A

How relatively abundant each of the species are

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9
Q

What are some benefits of biodiversity

A

The higher the biodiversity, the more robust the ecosystem is
- food and drink
- medicines
- ecological services
- leisurely, cultural, and aesthetic values

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10
Q

What are some causes of biodiversity loss

A
  • Pollution
  • loss of tropical forest
  • spread of urban areas
  • warfare
  • large dam construction
  • road building
  • tourism
  • loss of traditional lifestyle
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11
Q

What does diversity mean

A

Different

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12
Q

What is classification

A

The process by which organisms are grouped together

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13
Q

Who developed the international system of naming organisms

A

Carl Linnaeus

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14
Q

What Is the international system of naming called

A

Binomial nomenclature

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15
Q

How does binomial nomenclature work

A

The first name is the genus name (always capitalized) the second name is the species name (always lower case)
E.g Canis Lupus

The name is AlWAYS underlined when
HANDWRITTEN

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16
Q

What is taxonomy

A

The study of classifying organisms

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17
Q

What are taxonomists

A

Scientists who specialize in studying the relationships among organisms

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18
Q

What are taxons

A

Taxons are groups that classify organisms from least specific to most

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19
Q

What are all the taxons in order from least specific to most

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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20
Q

What is evidence from anatomy

A
  • The study of the structure of organisms
  • Using anatomical evidence from living species to determine relationships among organisms
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21
Q

What is evidence from physiology

A
  • The study of the function of animals
  • includes studying the biochemistry and proteins of organisms
    -since proteins are determined from genes and DNA the degree of genetic similarities is determined
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22
Q

What is evidence from DNA

A

The more genes and genetic Sequences two individuals have in common the more closely related they are

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23
Q

What is phylogeny

A

Used to present an evolutionary hypothesis about an organisms history

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24
Q

What is caladogram

A

A branching diagram that resembles a phylogenetic tree

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25
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotes

A

Size - 1-10 um
Kingdoms - Bacteria and Archaea
DNA - circular
No nucleus, no membrane bound organelles
Reproduction - asexual (binary fission)
Unicellular
Many are anaerobic (do not require oxygen to carry out cellular respiration)

26
Q

Characteristics of Eukaryotes

A

Size - 100-1000um
Kingdoms - Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals
DNA - linear
Nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Reproduction- sexual (Meiosis) Asexual (mitosis)
Multi or unicellular
Many are aerobic (require oxygen to carry out cellular respiration)

27
Q

Are viruses living

A

No

28
Q

Why aren’t viruses living?

A

Viruses lack cells, cytoplasm, organelles, and a cell membrane
The do not carry out respirations or other life processes

29
Q

What do viruses consist of

A

Viruses consist of a few strands of DNA and RNA, surrounded by a capsid

30
Q

What is a characteristic that viruses share with living things

A

The ability to multiply

31
Q

How does a virus multiply, can it do it on its own

A

Viruses cannot multiply on its own it depends on the metabolism of a cell to replicate its DNA or RNA

32
Q

What does a capsid do

A

A capsid protects the virus from attacks, and allows it to attach to specific host cells

33
Q

What are the two types of viral reproduction

A

Lysic and Lysogenic

34
Q

What is lytic viral reproduction

A

Immediate response infection and symptoms

35
Q

What is lysogenic viral reproduction

A

Viral DNA becomes integrated into host cell’s genome and is passed on through mitosis

36
Q

What is the lytic cycle

A
  1. ATTACHMENT - a virus attaches to a specific receptor site on the cell membrane of the host cells
  2. ENTRY - once the virus lands on the host cell it, it injects its nucleic acid into the host cell
  3. REPLICATION - the viral DNA and RNA becomes replicated and the host cell’s DNA begins to break down
  4. ASSEMBLY - new virus particles are assembled
  5. LYSIS & RELEASE: The host cell breaks open (lysis), and the newly formed viruses are released. These viruses will now go on to infect more cells
37
Q

How many minutes does the lytic cycle take and how many new viruses are reproduced

A

The entire process takes approximately 30 minutes, and each time, about 200 new viruses are produced

38
Q

What are archaea’s

A

They are referred to as extreme-o-philes
They are prokaryotic
They’re are 3 different groups based on their metabolism

39
Q

Why are archaea called extreme-o-philes

A

It’s because they love extreme conditions i.E high salinity, high temperature, high acidity, ect

40
Q

What are the three groups archaea are classified into

A
  1. Methanogen
  2. Halophiles
  3. Thermoacidophiles
41
Q

What are methanogens

A

They are archaea
They produce methane waste
They live in anaerobic environments (below surface of swamps, in sewage-disposal plants)
They use carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, or hydrogen sulfide as a source of energy

42
Q

What are halophiles

A

They are salt loving archaea
They live in extremely salty conditions (salt concentration can reach 15% regular sea water is only 3.5% salinity)

43
Q

What are thermoacidophiles

A

They are heat and acid loving archaea
They live in extremely hot (above 80°c) and acidic environments
They can live in volcanoes and hot springs

44
Q

What are the three domains

A

Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria

45
Q

What are bacteria

A

They are prokaryotes
They live as single cells and therefore are unicellular
Their preferred method of reproduction is asexual reproduction

46
Q

When classifying bacteria what are the three shapes and the name associated with them

A
  1. Round and Cocci (singular coccus)
  2. Rod-shaped and Bacilli (singular bacillus)
  3. Spiral-shaped and Spirilli (singular spirillus)
47
Q

When referring to bacteria what does the prefix diploi- mean

A

Arranged in pairs

48
Q

When referring to bacteria what does the prefix staphylo- mean

A

Arranged in clusters

49
Q

When referring to bacteria what does the prefix strepto- mean

A

Arranged in chain

50
Q

What does diplococci mean

A

Round bacteria in pairs

51
Q

What does streptobacilli mean

A

Rod-shaped bacteria arranged in a chain

52
Q

What does staphlospirilli mean

A

Spiral-shaped bacteria arranged in clusters

53
Q

What are bacteria classified by

A
  1. Shape
  2. Cell wall structure
  3. Carbon and energy sources
54
Q

What is gram stain used for

A

Gram stain is used to highlight basic differences in the arrangement of amino acid and sugar molecules in bacteria cell walls

55
Q

What is gram-positive bacteria

A

Gram positive bacteria have a think protein layer on their cell wall and stain purple

56
Q

What is gram-negative bacteria

A

Gram-negative bacteria have a thin protein layer on their cell walls and stain pink

57
Q

What do photosynthetic bacteria use for their energy source

A

Light

58
Q

What do chemosynthetic bacteria use for their energy source

A

Inorganic compounds

59
Q

Why can’t bacteria reproduce by mitosis or meiosis

A

It’s because they lack a nucleus

60
Q

What is asexual reproduction in bacteria called

A

Binary fission

61
Q

What are the steps to binary fission

A
  1. As bacterial cell grows, it makes a copy of its original, single chromosome. The cell elongates and separates the two chromosomes
  2. A septum begins to form and begins dividing the elongated call
  3. The septum is complete and distinct cell walls form
  4. The cells separate into 2 smaller, genetically identical cells

Grade 11 Bio (1 decks)

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