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Electrocardiogram Interpretation > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Deoxygenated blood enters the ___ by way of
the ____ . Once the atrium is full, ____ occurs
and the blood passes through the ____ into the ___ .

A

Deoxygenated blood enters the RIGHT ATRIUM by way of the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava. Once the atrium is full contraction occurs and the blood passes through the TRICUSPID VALVE into the RIGHT VENTRICLE

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2
Q

From the right ventricle the blood passes through the _____ into the _____. The blood then passes
into smaller vessels, pick up oxygen and return to the ____ side of the heart by
way of the _____ into the _____ _____

A

From the right ventricle the blood passes through the PULMONARY SEMI-LUNAR VALVE into the PULMONARY ARTERY. The blood then passes
into smaller vessels, pick up oxygen and return to the **Left **side of the heart by
way of the **PULMONARY VEINS ** into the **LEFT ATRIUM. **

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3
Q

From the LEFT ATRIUM, blood passes though the _____ into the _____ . When the ventricle contracts it opens the ____ and blood passes into the _____.

A

From the LEFT ATRIUM, blood passes though the MITRAL VALVE into the LEFT VENTRICLE. When the ventricle contracts it opens the **AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE **and blood passes into the AORTA.

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4
Q

Label the diagram

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Right atrium
  3. Right ventricle
  4. Tricuspid valve
  5. Pulmonary valve
  6. Pulmonary artery
  7. Pulmonary veins
  8. Left atrium
  9. Left ventricle
  10. Superior vena cava
  11. Inferior vena cava
  12. Mitral valve
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5
Q

The heart is a __ organ located in the chest, behind the __ within the __. Two thirds of its mass is located to the __ of
the midline of the body. It has __ chambers, __ atria and __ ventricles.

A

The heart is a muscular fibrous organ located in the chest, behind the sternum within the mediastinum. Two thirds of its mass is located to the ** left** of the midline of the body. It has four chambers, two atria and two ventricles.

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6
Q

Both __ contract at the same time and both __ contract at the same time.

A

Atria and ventricles

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7
Q

The __ system is a closed system. Coordinated ___ is necessary to provide the body with a fresh
supply of oxygenated blood.

A

The Cardiovascular system is a **closed **system. Coordinated **contraction **is necessary to provide the body with a fresh supply of oxygenated blood.

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8
Q

What happens when there is a problem with the conduction system?

A

The muscle does not respond appropriately and blood does not flow effectively through the heart.

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9
Q

How is assessment of the mechanical functions of the heart done?

A

Measuring pulse, skin color and blood pressure

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10
Q

How is assessment of the electrical function of the heart is done?

A

Electrocardiogram.

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11
Q

Endocardium

A

Contains branches of heart’s electrical conduction system

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12
Q

Myocardium

A

made up of layers and bands of cardiac muscle fibers

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13
Q

Epicardium

A

single layer of cells supported by connective tissues; contains nerves to heart and coronary blood vessels

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14
Q

A-V Valves

A
  • Tricuspid
  • Mitral
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15
Q

Semilunar valves

A
  • Pulmonic
  • Aortic
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16
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Ventricles contract, forcing blood through the pulmonic and aortic valves to lungs and body

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17
Q

Atrial Systole

A

Atria contract, forcing blood through mitral and tricuspid valces into ventricles

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18
Q

Systolic phase

A

Contraction

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19
Q

Diastolic phase

A

Relaxation

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20
Q

What is the purpose of an ecg?

A

check for signs of heart disease
- Specifically, to diagnose a heart attack or mycardial infarction (MI)

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21
Q

What are indications for a 12-lead EKG?

A
  • Chest pain
  • Atypical chest pain
  • Epigastric pain (heart burn)
  • Back, neck, jaw, or arm pain without chest pain
  • Palpitations
  • Syncope
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Extertional dyspnea
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22
Q

V1 Chest lead placement

A

4th intercostal space to the right of the sternum

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23
Q

V2 Chest lead placement

A

fourth intercostal space to the left of sternum

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24
Q

V3 Chest lead placement

A

Directly between leads V2 and V4

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25
Q

V4 Chest lead placement

A

fifth intercostal space at left midclavicular line

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26
Q

V5 Chest lead placement

A

Level with V4 at left anterior axillary line

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27
Q

V6 Chest lead placement

A

Level with V5 at midaxillary line

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28
Q

Current flowing toward a positive electrode creates an __ deflection.

A

upright deflection.

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29
Q

Current flowing toward a negative electrode creates a ___ deflection.

A

downward deflection.

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30
Q

Current flowing toward a __ electrode creates a downward deflection.

A

Negative

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31
Q

Current flowing toward a __ electrode creates an upright deflection.

A

Positive

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32
Q

isoelectric

A

Neither upright nor downward

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33
Q

What is a lead?

A

A combination of electrodes that reflects flow of electricity between two points on opposing sides of the heart.

34
Q

Polarization

A

“Ready” state

35
Q

Depolarization

A

“Discharge” state

36
Q

Repolarization

A

“Recovery” state

37
Q

Inherent rates of Sinus Node

A

60-100 BPM

38
Q

Inherent rates of AV Junction

A

40-60 BPM

39
Q

Inherent rates of Ventricles

A

20-40 BPM

40
Q

What is the Pacemaker rule?

A

The Pacemaker site with the fastest rate will generally control the heart

41
Q

What is irritability?

A

When a site aling the conduction pathway becomes irritable and speeds up, overriding the higher pacemaking sites for control of the heart

42
Q

Escape Mechanism

A

The normal pacemaker slows down or fails, and a lower pacing site assumes pacemaking responsibility

43
Q

Which layer of the heart wall is this describing?

contains branches of heart’s electrical conduction system

A

Endocardium

44
Q

Which layer of the heart wall is this describing?

made up of layers and bands of cardiac muscle fibers

The “work” unit

A

Myocardium

45
Q

Which layer of the heart wall is this describing?

single layer of cells supported by connective tissues; contains nerves to heart and coronary blood vessel

A

Epicardium

46
Q

What is the cardiac output formula?

A

CO=HR X SV

47
Q

What is a normal, healthy cardiac output?

A

Normally 4 LPM - 8 LPM

48
Q

EKGs are graphic representations of __ activity within the heart

A

electrical

49
Q

Describe polarization

A

the heart is relaxed and fills with blood. This is the “ready” state

diastole

50
Q

Describe depolarization

A

The heart contracts and pushes out blood

systole

51
Q

Repolarization is also known as the __ state

A

recovery/refractory

52
Q

What is the normal pacemaker of the heart?

A

The AV node

53
Q

Anything above the isoelectric line is a __

A

positive inflection

54
Q

Anything below the isoelectric line is a __

A

negative deflection

55
Q

The P wave is shown as what on EKG paper? What does it represent?

A

Positive inflection
represents atrial contraction / depolarization

56
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

Ventricular contraction

57
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

Ventricular repolarization

58
Q

Positive inflection is when:

When the electrical activity flows towards the __ electrode

A

Positive

59
Q

Negative deflection is when:

when electrical activity flows towards the __ electrode

A

negative

60
Q

RA

  • __ electrode

LA

  • “G” - ground
  • positive electrode

LL

  • ___ electrode
A

RA

  • negative electrode

LA

  • “G” - ground
  • positive electrode

LL

  • positive electrode
61
Q

RA

  • negative electrode

LA

  • “G” - ground
  • __ electrode

LL

  • positive electrode
A

RA

  • negative electrode

LA

  • “G” - ground
  • positive electrode

LL

  • positive electrode
62
Q

Black hashmarks are __ seconds apart

A

3 seconds

63
Q

Large boxes represent __ seconds

A

.2 seconds

64
Q

Small boxes represent __ seconds

A

.04

65
Q

How many small boxes make up one large box?

A

5

66
Q

Voltage is measured by

A

how high a waveform is on the isoelectric line

67
Q

Time is measured by

A

vertical lines

68
Q

An MI frequently causes __ elevation

A

ST

69
Q

ST elevation may indicate a __

A

Myocardial infarction

70
Q

What does the PR interval represent?

A

atrial depolarization and pause through the AV node

starts with atrial contraction - ends with ventricular depolarization

normally .12 - .20 seconds
(3-5 small boxes)

71
Q

What does the PR segment represent?

A

delay of the AV node

72
Q

delay of the AV node is represented by __

A

PR segment

73
Q

represents duration of ventricular electrical systole, which includes ventricular depolarization and repolaralization

A

QT Interval

74
Q

What does the QT Interval represent?

A

duration of ventricular electrical systole, which includes ventricular depolarization and repolaralization

75
Q

Normal QRS is how many seconds?

A

less than or equal to .12 seconds

76
Q

How is regularly assessed?

A
  • Regularity pertains to spacing
    • count the number of small boxes between R waves
      • evenly spaced = regular
77
Q

What do sinus P waves look like?

A
  • dome shaped, uniform and positively deflected
  • 1:1 ratio P-wave to QRS
78
Q

A wide QRS complex may indicate what?

A
  • ventricular pacemaker or supraventricular pacemaker was delayed (bundle branch block)
  • depolarization happened slowly
    • irritable spot on the ventricle, impulse takes longer
79
Q

Supraventricular

A

beats coming from above the ventricles

80
Q

focus

A

point of origin

81
Q

width of the QRS complex can help determine if the rhythm originated from ___ focus or the __

A

supraventricular focus or the ventricular

Electrocardiogram Interpretation (2 decks)

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