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APES Mid-Term > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biodiversity

A

Genetic, species, and ecosystem, higher = better ecosystem, declining can mean more pollution, climate change

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2
Q

Renewable Energy

A

Can be replenished naturally(or at a near rate of consumption); depletable can be run through if overused

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3
Q

Developing Country

A

still industrializing and population still growing rapidly; will also increase on a per/person basis as their economies industrialize & residents achieve higher standards of living

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4
Q

Fossil Fuel

A

Most common fuel source

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5
Q

Natural Gas

A

secondary fuel for electricity - 50 to 60 years left

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6
Q

Coal

A

main fuel for electricity generation - 100-150 years left

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7
Q

Hydroelectric Energy

A

Water spins a turbine which generates electricity: dams are most common

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8
Q

Nuclear Energy

A

Uranium fission releases heat to turn water into steam, which turns a turbine to generate electricity

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9
Q

Coal Formation

A

Pressure from overlying rock & sediment layers compacts peat into coal over time

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10
Q

Fossil Fuel Products

A

Crude oil (petroleum) is converted into lots of different products through the process of fractional distillation Petroleum gas
Gasoline (fuel for cars)
Naphtha (used to make plastic)
Jet fuel
Diesel fuel
Motor oil
Bitumen (asphalt for roads)

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11
Q

Fracking Fluid

A

water salt, detergents, or acids are pumped into well at a very high pressure to crack the rock even more and allow natural gas to flow out

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12
Q

Steps to convert fossil fuels to generate electricity

A

heat, water into steam, steam turns turbine, turbine powers generator, generator produces electricty

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13
Q

environmental consequences of coal

A

habitat destruction to clear land for mining, produces pollutants and releases CO2

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14
Q

Biomass

A

organic matter(wood/charcoal, dried animal waste, dead leaves/bush) burned to release heat - primarily for heating homes and cooking - releases CO2(carbon neutral) releases respiratory stressors

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15
Q

Solar Energy

A

uses suns heat to convert to energy
passive: absorbing or blocking heat from the sun, w/out the use of mechanical equipment

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16
Q

Photovoltaic

A

solar panels(contain semiconductor that emits low voltage electrical current when exposed to sun), intermittency meaning only generated during the day

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17
Q

geothermal energy

A

naturally heated water reservoirs(heated by mantle) underground are drilled into and piped up to the surface(or water can be piped down into naturally heated rock layers) - renewable!

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18
Q

wind energy

A

kinetic energy of moving air(wind) spins a turbine, generator converts mechanical energy of turbine into electricity, clustered

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19
Q

municipal solid waste

A

solid waste from cities, waste stream refers to flow of waste to recycling centers, landfills, or trash incineration facilities
E.X. trash, litter, garbage, refuse

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20
Q

Sanitary Landfills

A

landfills where developed nations dispose of trash, different than dumps because of these qualifies
-bottom liner, leachate collection system, methane recovery system, clay cap

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21
Q

leachate

A

water draining through waste and carrying pollutants

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22
Q

methane

A

colorless, odorless, flammable gas present in natural gas and formed by the decomposition of plant matter, pollutant

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23
Q

incineration

A

waste can be burned to reduce the volume that needs to be landfilled, can reduce volume by 90%, but releases air pollutants, can generate electricity

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24
Q

recycle

A

processing and converting solid waste into new products, least sustainable of rs, costly

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25
Q

Compost

A

organic matter being decomposed under controlled conditions, makes foul smell and attracts pests

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26
Q

Aquifer

A

body of permeable rock which can contain or transmit groundwater, confined has impermeable layer that prevents water from seeping into; opposite for unconfined

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27
Q

carrying capacity

A

the max number of individuals in a population that an ecosystem can support(based on limiting resources)

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28
Q

overshoot

A

when a population briefly exceeds carrying capacity, leads to resource depletion

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29
Q

predator-prey relationship

A

populations increase and decrease together

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30
Q

density independent-factor

A

factors that influence population growth independent of their size, natural disasters

31
Q

logistic growth

A

initial growth, then limiting factors limit population to K

32
Q

crude growth rate

A

population growth rate , divided by 10

33
Q

doubling rate

A

70/growth rate(in percent)

34
Q

transform fault plate boundry

A

plates slides past each other in opposite directions(forms earthquakes)

35
Q

thermosphere

A

hottest temperature, absorbs x-rays and UV rays, has aurora borealis

36
Q

mesosphere

A

middle, less dense

37
Q

stratosphere

A

second layer, less dense due to less presure from above layers, thickest ozone layer found here

38
Q

troposphere

A

weather change occurs here, most pressure, gas molecules, ozone is harmful to humans

39
Q

el nino

A

warm phase, occurs in tropical waters, occurs around Christmastime, warmer water to west, more moisture, cold deep water into easter, upwelling on south American coast, water is cold and nutrient rich(helps fishing industry)

40
Q

biome

A

large area with similar climate conditions that determine plant and animal species there average yearly temperature and precipitation determine

41
Q

herbivore

A

plant eaters, eat plants for energy

42
Q

tertiary consumer

A

animals that eat everything else, top of food chain

43
Q

secondary consumer

A

animals that eat primary consumers or herbivores, second down on food chain

44
Q

primary consumers

A

animals that eat plants, herbivores

45
Q

producers

A

plants, convert suns light into energy into chemical energy

46
Q

food web

A

map showing how matter and energy flow through an ecosystem from organism to organism, arrows indicate direction

47
Q

food chain

A

show only one linear path of energy and matter

48
Q

trophic levels

A

levels of consumers and producers within food chain

49
Q

island biography

A

study of ecological relationships and community structure on islands, larger islands = more total species, closer to mainland support more species

49
Q

island biography

A

study of ecological relationships and community structure on islands, larger islands = more total species, closer to mainland support more species

50
Q

safe water drinking act

A

requires EPA to determine maximum contaminant level, max amount of pollutant that can be in water and not hurt human health

51
Q

secondary succession

A

starts from already established soil, in an area where disturbances(forest fire) cleared out majority of plant life

52
Q

primary succession

A

occurs in an area that hasn’t previously been colonized by plants(bare rock), moss

53
Q

k-selected species

A

few offspring, heavy parental care, usually reproduce many times

54
Q

r-selected species

A

many offspring, little to no care, reproduce only once, shorter lifespan quick to sexual maturity

55
Q

survivorship curve

A

line that shows survival rate of a cohort, group of same aged individuals, in a population birth to death

56
Q

type I

A

mostly k-selected, high survivorship until late in life

57
Q

type II

A

steadily decreasing survivorship throughout life

58
Q

autotroph

A

can produce their own food

59
Q

eutrophication

A

excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.

60
Q

taiga

A

exist far north in cold, Scotland, forest type

61
Q

tragedy of the commons

A

situation in which individuals with access to a shared resource (also called a common) act in their own interest and, in doing so, ultimately deplete the resource

62
Q

trade winds

A

steady and persistent winds which blow on the Equatorial side of the subtropical high pressure systems in both Hemispheres

63
Q

cogeneration

A

a single, integrated system in which many forms of useful energy are simultaneously generated mostly electrical and thermal using single sources of fuel

64
Q

clean air act

A

law that defines EPA’s responsibilities for protecting and improving the nation’s air quality and the stratospheric ozone layer.

65
Q

shale

A

fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock formed from mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals and tiny fragments

66
Q

fuel cell

A

a class of devices that convert the chemical energy of a fuel directly into electricity by electrochemical reactions, a lot like a battery

67
Q

permafrost

A

a thick subsurface layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year, occurring chiefly in polar regions:

68
Q

comprehensive environmental responsibility compensation and liability act

A

To enforce short-term and long term removal or remedial response actions by the EPA for sites contaminated with hazardous substances.

69
Q

reproductive strategy

A

strategy to reproduce better

70
Q

Resource conservation and recovery act

A

authorizes the EPA to regulate the waste management and disposal activities of industrial and municipal waste generators

71
Q

integrated waste management system

A

a complete waste reduction, collection, composting, recycling, and disposal system

72
Q

mountain top removal

A

any method of surface coal mining that destroys a mountaintop or ridgeline, whether or not the mined area will be returned to what is legally described as the “approximate original contour.”

73
Q

mountain top removal

A

any method of surface coal mining that destroys a mountaintop or ridgeline, whether or not the mined area will be returned to what is legally described as the “approximate original contour.”

APES Mid-Term (1 decks)

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