Unit 1 Flashcards
Counselling vs. Guidance vs. Psychotherapy
C - facilitate self knowledge, acceptance, and growth, development of personal resources. A) dev issues B) problems C) crisis C) relationships E) inner conflict
G - help ppl make decisions. Choose what they value most. Started as school/career.
P - traditionally serious problems and “recovery of adequacy”. A) past vs present B) reconstructive change C) detached therapist D) expert therapist. Long term (20-40/6 months).
Usages of term and confusion of usage
List the major events that influenced the development of counselling before 1900
(P.10-17)
> 1900
Industrial Revolution (1800s)
Moral Therapy Movement in France (1850)
List the major events that influenced the development of counselling 1900s to 1950s 
(P.10-17)
1900-1909
The Mental Health Movement
The Vocational Guidance Movement
1910-1940
old CMHA 1918
Smith-Hughes Act (1917,US)
WW I (1914-1918)
standards & SVII -> assessment foundation (later)
Great Depression (1930s)
1st Theory of Counselling (1930s)
Education as Guidance (1932)
CPA (1939)
Cdn Journal of Psyc (1940)
WW II (1939-1945)
Cdn g/c replace teacher & provincial assoc. (1940s)
Rogers Theory (1942)
Pre-1950 Theories
1) psychoanalysis and insight theory (e.g., Sigmund Freud);
2) trait-factor or directive theories (e.g., E. G. Williamson);
3) humanistic and client-centred theories (e.g., Carl
Rogers);
4) behavioural theories (e.g., B. F. Skinner) - less
List the major events that influenced the development of counselling 1950s to 1990s 
(P.10-17)
1950-1980
Person-centred spread. Schools hired FT counsellors (1950s-60s)
1950s - end to debate directive/non-directive & psychoanalysis assumptions
1950s - new theories: app;lied behavioural, cognitive, learning theory, self-concept theory, dev psyc…
1960s - humanistic counselling theories, group movement, Behavioural counselling grew
* competing methodologies at all-time high
ERIC/CAPS (1966 -us)
old CCPA (1965-cdn)
1970s- outside edu to mental health & community centres, girls/women/minorities/disab, & teaching of c
ACES - Div APGA (1973), edu stds, supervisor, 4 new divisions
1980s- std training and certification, distinct prof., specialties, focus on human growth & dev (ie: lifespan - Erikson & elderly, gender(feminism etc)/sex pref), moral deb (Kohlberg), diversity (racism)
NBCC (1982-us) - std test ((a) human growth and development, (b) social and cultural foundations, (c) helping relationships, (d) groups, (e) lifestyle and career development, (f) appraisal, (g) research and evaluation, and (h) professional orientation))
CPAs first counselling section (1986) - created the discipline in Canada called “counselling psychology” (in US since 1951).
CPA criteria for doctoral programs (1989)
1990s- whole person
Multicultural competency & stds (1992) - led to disability debates to
5 factors that influence the development of counselling in Canada since 1960
1) Community mental health movement, which helped bring counselling out of education and into mainstream
2) Shift in focus from remediation to prevention and emphasis on positive psychology: growth and development of persons
3) Recognition and standardization of the counselling discipline
4) Development of and focus on helping skills (relationship, comms) as key to discipline
5) Attention on gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity and what it’s like to live in a pluralistic society
Advocacy
CPs effort on behalf of clients or society 
Counselling
*combines counselling/psychology in Canada = Counselling Psychologists
1) Broad practice and research focus
2) Promoting wellness
3) Collaborative, research and practice
4) Prevention
5) Overlap with other specialists
6)  Advocacy
7) Multi cultural approach
8) Adherence to core values
1) Wellness, personal growth, career, pathological concerns
2) Persons functioning well, and those with serious problems 
3) theory based
4) Maybe developmental or intervening (goals, choice, change)
Millennium Trends
RMFT (2001)
Council of Canadian Child and Youth Care Associations (2002) - CDN stds for workers
Prof. C Regulations across Canada (2009-now)
Provincial/Terri Regulation with Mutual
Recognition Agreement
US (counselling 50 yrs. Ack changing roles)
Pressing topics: violence (school shootings/bullying), trauma (war/terrorism/disasters, and crisis (ASD-transient,4wks.4wks/PTSD); managed care; wellness (spirituality, self-direction, work and leisure, friendship, and love); social justice; technology; leadership; and identity
Positive Psychology
One of the tenets of counselling psychology since its inception has been its commitment
to personal growth and mental wellness, now mainstream & called PP
psychology is not just the study of pathology,
weakness, and damage; it is also the study of strength and virtue
Social Work
Helping individuals, groups, families, communities, enhance individual and collective well-being. Developing Resources to resolve problems. Concerned with individual, but also broader social issues such as poverty, EI, Domestic violence.
Relationships as the basis of all intervention. 
Roger F Aubrey
Address Reliance on psychometrics around WWI & reviewed competing counseling methodologies presented to counsellors that reached an all-time high in the late 1960s while looking all the way back to Industrial Rev and no mention of c until 1931.
Aaron Beck
1950 Cognitive Theory: cognitive therapy
Clifford Beers
1900-1909
Hospitalized for mental illness (depression)
Exposed institutions and advocated for facility & tax reform.
Fords/Rockefellers
*influences psychiatry and clinical psych
Founded the Canadian national committee for mental hygiene (1918) = CMHA (2009)
(w/ Clarence Hincks)
Eric Berne
1950s Cognitive Theory: transactional analysis
