Unit 1 Flashcards
Counselling vs. Guidance vs. Psychotherapy
C - facilitate self knowledge, acceptance, and growth, development of personal resources. A) dev issues B) problems C) crisis C) relationships E) inner conflict
G - help ppl make decisions. Choose what they value most. Started as school/career.
P - traditionally serious problems and “recovery of adequacy”. A) past vs present B) reconstructive change C) detached therapist D) expert therapist. Long term (20-40/6 months).
Usages of term and confusion of usage
List the major events that influenced the development of counselling before 1900
(P.10-17)
> 1900
Industrial Revolution (1800s)
Moral Therapy Movement in France (1850)
List the major events that influenced the development of counselling 1900s to 1950s 
(P.10-17)
1900-1909
The Mental Health Movement
The Vocational Guidance Movement
1910-1940
old CMHA 1918
Smith-Hughes Act (1917,US)
WW I (1914-1918)
standards & SVII -> assessment foundation (later)
Great Depression (1930s)
1st Theory of Counselling (1930s)
Education as Guidance (1932)
CPA (1939)
Cdn Journal of Psyc (1940)
WW II (1939-1945)
Cdn g/c replace teacher & provincial assoc. (1940s)
Rogers Theory (1942)
Pre-1950 Theories
1) psychoanalysis and insight theory (e.g., Sigmund Freud);
2) trait-factor or directive theories (e.g., E. G. Williamson);
3) humanistic and client-centred theories (e.g., Carl
Rogers);
4) behavioural theories (e.g., B. F. Skinner) - less
List the major events that influenced the development of counselling 1950s to 1990s 
(P.10-17)
1950-1980
Person-centred spread. Schools hired FT counsellors (1950s-60s)
1950s - end to debate directive/non-directive & psychoanalysis assumptions
1950s - new theories: app;lied behavioural, cognitive, learning theory, self-concept theory, dev psyc…
1960s - humanistic counselling theories, group movement, Behavioural counselling grew
* competing methodologies at all-time high
ERIC/CAPS (1966 -us)
old CCPA (1965-cdn)
1970s- outside edu to mental health & community centres, girls/women/minorities/disab, & teaching of c
ACES - Div APGA (1973), edu stds, supervisor, 4 new divisions
1980s- std training and certification, distinct prof., specialties, focus on human growth & dev (ie: lifespan - Erikson & elderly, gender(feminism etc)/sex pref), moral deb (Kohlberg), diversity (racism)
NBCC (1982-us) - std test ((a) human growth and development, (b) social and cultural foundations, (c) helping relationships, (d) groups, (e) lifestyle and career development, (f) appraisal, (g) research and evaluation, and (h) professional orientation))
CPAs first counselling section (1986) - created the discipline in Canada called “counselling psychology” (in US since 1951).
CPA criteria for doctoral programs (1989)
1990s- whole person
Multicultural competency & stds (1992) - led to disability debates to
5 factors that influence the development of counselling in Canada since 1960
1) Community mental health movement, which helped bring counselling out of education and into mainstream
2) Shift in focus from remediation to prevention and emphasis on positive psychology: growth and development of persons
3) Recognition and standardization of the counselling discipline
4) Development of and focus on helping skills (relationship, comms) as key to discipline
5) Attention on gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity and what it’s like to live in a pluralistic society
Advocacy
CPs effort on behalf of clients or society 
Counselling
*combines counselling/psychology in Canada = Counselling Psychologists
1) Broad practice and research focus
2) Promoting wellness
3) Collaborative, research and practice
4) Prevention
5) Overlap with other specialists
6)  Advocacy
7) Multi cultural approach
8) Adherence to core values
1) Wellness, personal growth, career, pathological concerns
2) Persons functioning well, and those with serious problems 
3) theory based
4) Maybe developmental or intervening (goals, choice, change)
Millennium Trends
RMFT (2001)
Council of Canadian Child and Youth Care Associations (2002) - CDN stds for workers
Prof. C Regulations across Canada (2009-now)
Provincial/Terri Regulation with Mutual
Recognition Agreement
US (counselling 50 yrs. Ack changing roles)
Pressing topics: violence (school shootings/bullying), trauma (war/terrorism/disasters, and crisis (ASD-transient,4wks.4wks/PTSD); managed care; wellness (spirituality, self-direction, work and leisure, friendship, and love); social justice; technology; leadership; and identity
Positive Psychology
One of the tenets of counselling psychology since its inception has been its commitment
to personal growth and mental wellness, now mainstream & called PP
psychology is not just the study of pathology,
weakness, and damage; it is also the study of strength and virtue
Social Work
Helping individuals, groups, families, communities, enhance individual and collective well-being. Developing Resources to resolve problems. Concerned with individual, but also broader social issues such as poverty, EI, Domestic violence.
Relationships as the basis of all intervention. 
Roger F Aubrey
Address Reliance on psychometrics around WWI & reviewed competing counseling methodologies presented to counsellors that reached an all-time high in the late 1960s while looking all the way back to Industrial Rev and no mention of c until 1931.
Aaron Beck
1950 Cognitive Theory: cognitive therapy
Clifford Beers
1900-1909
Hospitalized for mental illness (depression)
Exposed institutions and advocated for facility & tax reform.
Fords/Rockefellers
*influences psychiatry and clinical psych
Founded the Canadian national committee for mental hygiene (1918) = CMHA (2009)
(w/ Clarence Hincks)
Eric Berne
1950s Cognitive Theory: transactional analysis
Albert Ellis
1950s Cognitive Theory: rational-emotive therapy
Lawrence Kohlberg
models of moral development (1969) grew in 1980s.
John Krumboltz
1966 Behavioural counselling: grew in importance with his “Revolution in Counseling”, in which learning (beyond insight) was promoted as the root of change
Abraham Mazlow
1960s one of the humanistic counselling theorists
Jane Myers
Developed a model for promoting wellness (2000). It revolves around five life tasks: spirituality, self-direction, work and leisure, friendship, and love.
Frank Parsons
1900-1909
“Founder of guidance”
*growth & prevention
Founded Bostons Vocational Bureau (1908) - Knowledge of work + knowledge of self —> matching through true reasoning
Donald Super
1950s: career development
Carl Rogers
1942
challenged Williamson’s counsellor-centred & Freudian Psychoanalysis.
*client responsibility & nondirective (mirror), relationship vs. guidance, research, refined tech, selection/training, goals/obj of couns.
Counselling replaced guidance.
E. G. Williamson
1st theory of counselling (1930s) - 1970s
*modified Parsons Theory
Minnesota/trait-factor C
COUNSELLOR CENTRED THERAPY
Tailored therapy
Counsellors rule: ascertain deficiency, and prescribe procedural rectification (empirical).
Addressing nonproductive, thinking/behavior and effective decision making 
History in the Counselling Movement in Canada vs. US
Similarities:
WWII: Counsellors and psychologists create, administer, and score tests to select & classify military personnel.
Differences:
Counselling psyc grew out of professional psychology in the U.S. and educational guidance in Canada Edu xPsych in Canada).
CPAs first counselling section (1986) - created the discipline in Canada called “counselling psychology” (in US since 1951).
Think about:
How did growing and expanded psychological theories impact counselling in Canada?
5 Issues on Counselling & Challenges to the profession.
5 Issues for the future profession & their implications.
Most/Least influential decades.
Describe the vocational guidance movements contribution to counselling in Canada (public schools & colleges)
Identify and briefly discuss at least five important factors that have influenced the development of counselling in Canada since 1960.
1)Community mental health movement, which helped bring counselling out of education and into mainstream
2) Shift in focus from remediation to prevention and emphasis on positive psychology: growth and development of persons
3)Recognition and standardization of the counselling discipline
4)Development of and focus on helping skills (relationship, comms) as key to discipline
5)Attention on gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity and what it’s like to live in a pluralistic society
Which decades were most influential to counselling? why? what events happened?
1960-1980
when counselling became a real profession,
regulatory bodies were formed and the profession started to become standardized
However there’s important aspects in each because without each aspect it would not be where it is today. 2000-present has a bigger boom and acceptance in using counselling (in North America at least) allow for more research and requires a larger need for counsellors and therapists.
Which decades were most influential to counselling? why? what events happened?
1960-1980
when counselling became a real profession,
regulatory bodies were formed and the profession started to become standardized
However there’s important aspects in each because without each aspect it would not be where it is today. 2000-present has a bigger boom and acceptance in using counselling (in North America at least) allow for more research and requires a larger need for counsellors and therapists.
what are 5 factors that have influenced the development of counselling?
1) Humanitarianism movement (focus on improving peoples lives)
2) Mental Health movement
3) Vocational guidance movement
4) the World wars increased the need for counselling to help war vets
5) Carl rogers - client centred approach, really Brought a new way of thinking to counselling/therapy
