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Medical Interventions > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Medical Interventions=

A

measures to improve health or alter the course of an illness and can be used to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease

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2
Q

What disease does Sue Smith and college students have

A

bacterial meningitis

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3
Q

Who had the disease the longest

A

Sue Smith

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4
Q

How do scientists gather evidence during the potential outbreak of an infectious disease

A

Contact map

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5
Q

Bioinformatics=

A

the collection, classification, storage, and analysis of biochemical and biological information using computers AKA BLAST

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6
Q

DNA Sequencing step 1

A

isolate DNA

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7
Q

DNA Sequencing step 2

A

perform PCR (makes copies of DNA)

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8
Q

DNA sequencing step 3

A

denature DNA

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9
Q

DNA sequencing step 4

A

add primers, polymerase, free nucleotides, fluorescently tagged nucleotides

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10
Q

DNA sequencing step 5

A

create a new complementary strand of DNA

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11
Q

DNA sequencing step 6

A

the attachment of fluorescently tagged nucleotides causes sequence to stop, creating random sized fragments of DNA

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12
Q

DNA sequencing step 7

A

sequencer separates fragments based on size (gel electrophoresis)

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13
Q

DNA sequencing step 8

A

laser detector scans fluorescent nucleotides

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14
Q

DNA sequencing step 9

A

computer identifies tagged colors

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15
Q

DNA sequencing step 10

A

scientists analyze color results and DNA sequence

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16
Q

How can DNA sequences be used to identify disease pathogens

A

BLAST compares the DNA sequence to known sequences to determine which species the DNA belongs to

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17
Q

What is an antibody

A

Y shaped proteins that attach directly to antigens and tags them so the immune system attacks

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18
Q

How do antibodies identify and inactivate antigens

A

each antibody attaches to a specific antigen

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19
Q

How can the ELISA testing be used to detect disease

A

1) original antigen is obtained from spinal fluid of the patient
2) primary antibodies are added. If proper antigen is present, the primary antibody will attach
3) secondary antibody with enzyme is added. Then a substrate. If the color changes to blue, it indicates the presence of the antigen in the patients spinal fluid

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20
Q

Why is it important for doctors to know the concentration of disease antigen present in a patients system

A

1) the darker the color, the more antibody present in the patients spinal fluid
2) the more antibodies, the longer the patient had the virus helping to identify patient zero

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21
Q

Serial dilutions=

A

used in ELISA testing to determine if the virus has more of the antibodies at lower concentrations of the spinal fluid

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22
Q

Nucleoid function

A

responsible for controlling the bacteras activity and reproduction

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23
Q

plasmid

A

acts as vectors (delivery) to introduce foreign DNA into bacteria

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24
Q

ribosomes

A

messenger RNA is read by the ribosome and amino acids are assembled into a complete protein chain based on the RNA sequence

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25
Q

plasma membrane

A

provides protection for the cell and transports nutrients into the cell and toxic substances out of the cell

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26
Q

capsule

A

protects the cell and serves as a barrier against phagocytosis

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27
Q

flagella

A

enables movement of the cell

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28
Q

pili

A

allows bacteria to attach to other cells

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29
Q

endotoxins

A

acts as protective barrier against chemical attacks

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30
Q

cell wall

A

maintains bacteria shape and keeps cell from bursting

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31
Q

Gram positive

A

has one cell membrane followed by the peptidoglycan cell wall

32
Q

gram negative

A

has one cell membrane, a peptidoglycan cell wall, followed by another cell membrane

33
Q

Penicillin

A

interferes with peptidogycan (cell wall)

34
Q

Tetracyclines

A

interferes with protein production in bacteria

35
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

interferes with DNA replication in bacteria

36
Q

Sulfa- Antibiotics

A

prevents production of folate, an essential nutrient in bacteria survival

37
Q

If a bacteria can grow in the presence of an antibiotic….

A

it means that it is resistant to that antibiotic

38
Q

What actions are humans taking that are contributing to bacteria becoming resistant to commonly used antibiotics

A

Over exposure to antibiotics through drug usage

39
Q

Conjugation

A

1) new cell connects through a close neighboring cell
2) the plasmid is replicated and transferred to the neighboring cell through the plasmid
3) the new bacteria obtains the viral gene

40
Q

Transformation

A

1) DNA fragments from dead bacteria cells are released to the environment
2) recipient cell uptakes the DNA fragments and incorporates it into its DNA

41
Q

Transduction

A

1) Phage infects a bacteria cell with its DNA
2) bacteria uses virus DNA to construct more phages. Some of the phages may pick up fragments of bacterial DNA
3) newly created phages infect other cells with newly combined DNA

42
Q

If you don’t take all of your antibiotics…

A

the antibiotics may kill off the weak bacteria, but the antibiotic resistant bacteria will increase and not die off

43
Q

Amplitude=

A

1) measures the height of a sound wave
2) measured in decibels
3) referred to as volume

44
Q

Frequency=

A

1) measures waves per second
2) measured in Hertz
3) referred to as pitch

45
Q

Pinna

A

assists in directing sound farther into the ear

46
Q

Auditory canal

A

an entryway for sound waves

47
Q

Eustachian tube

A

balances pressure in the middle ear and drains fluid from the middle ear. Also connects to nasal cavity

48
Q

Ossicles include

A

1) malleus
2) incus
3) stapes

49
Q

Ossicles

A

three bones that conduct physical auditory waves from the outer ear to the inner ear

50
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

separates the outer ear from the middle ear. Sound waves cause the membrane to vibrate which are transferred to the three bones

51
Q

Cochlea

A

sound waves are turned into impulses that the brain interprets

52
Q

Sensory hair cells

A

responsible for turning sound waves into impulses

53
Q

Cochlear nerve

A

transmits the impulses to the brain

54
Q

Oval Window

A

ensures that equal pressure exists on either side of the eardrum

55
Q

Vestibule

A

related to balance and equilibrium

56
Q

Vestibular nerve

A

sends the info to the brain

57
Q

Normal hearing steps

A

1) sound waves are caught by the pinna and sent down the auditory canal
2) the sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane and hit the ossicles
3) the vibration of the stapes alerts the sensory hair cells in the cochlea which send the signal of the sound to the brain via the auditory nerve

58
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

hearing loss due to reduction of hair cells. Rinne test- no sound heard

59
Q

Normal hearing

A

Rinne test- air conduction is heard twice as long as bone conduction

60
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

Hearing loss due to problems with middle ear. Rinne test- bone conduction is heard longer than air conduction

61
Q

Cochlear implants pro

A

chance of hearing

62
Q

Cochlear implants cons

A

chance of further hearing loss, and separation of individuals from their hearing loss community

63
Q

Vaccines

A

medical interventions that activate the immune system to recognize a disease antigen and produce antibodies necessary to defend the body

64
Q

Edward Jenner

A

father of vaccines, greatly known for his experiment in smallpox and cowpox

65
Q

Killed Viruses

A

viruses that are not living or harmful but contain recognizable antigens on their surface. can not multiply

66
Q

Attenuated viruses

A

DNA altered so the virus is not dangerous but are alive

67
Q

Toxoid vaccines

A

a purified toxin produced by the bacteria, virus is separated from the bacteria, virus used to elicit an immune response

68
Q

genetically engineered microbe antigen

A

genes for microbial agent is inserted into a plasmid and bacteria makes the product. the protein product is then separated/purified

69
Q

DNA vaccine

A

vaccine that contains all or part of the pathogens DNA which is used to infect a recipients cell

70
Q

Recombinant DNA requirements

A

1) restriction enzymes to cut the plasmid and viral DNA
2) ligase to paste the viral DNA into the plasmid
3) sticky end produced by restriction enzyme to paste the viral DNA in plasmid
4) restriction enzyme that does not disrupt important genes
5) restriction enzyme that does not cut the plasmid or viral DNA into many pieces

71
Q

Recombinant DNA steps

A

1) gene of interest is inserted into plasmid
2) plasmid with interest is inserted into bacteria
3) bacteria makes protein product for gene of interest
4) protein is purified/isolated and used in vaccine to illicit an immune response

72
Q

Epidemiologist

A

analyze disease data, design an epidemiologic study, and evaluate prevention and therapy for chronic and infectious diseases

73
Q

Memory B cells

A

make antibodies

74
Q

Live vaccine=

A

allows for multiplying

75
Q

Attenuated=

A

weakened

76
Q

Vector

A

a transporter of genetic material from one cell to another or one bacteria to another

77
Q

Herd immunity

A

vaccination in great enough quantity equate to immunity

Medical Interventions (1 decks)

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