Unit 1 Flashcards by Julia Lotfy

What is the study of physiology?

It is the study of all of the structures & functions of the body and how they all work together.

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What is Homeostasis?

Homeostasis is the the body’s ability to maintain internal stabiblity.

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What is an Organ System?

An Organ system is a group of multiple organs.

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What is a set point?

A set point is the “normal” point in which homeostasis ocillates around in order to maintain internal stability.

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Acclimatization?

Environmentally induced change in physiological function

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Acclimation?

When an organism is able to adapt to changes using

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Circadian Rhythm?

A Natural internal circadian cycle that occurs within the body. Ex: Sleep-Wake cycle.

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Local Control?

Between adjacent/close cells

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Reflex control?

Between far cells

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What is Negative Feeback control?

When a stimulus occurs, a response happens then the negative feedback control brings the variable back to its set point
Maintains Homeostasis
Ex: BP, Body Temp

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What is Positive Feeback Control?

When a stimulus occurs, a response occurs and the variable is amplified
Does NOT maintain homeostasis
Ex: Labour, Voltage-Gates Na+ channels

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What is FeedForward Control?

Anticipatory control: predicts change is about to occur
Ex: smell, sight of food

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What is a Cell Membrane?

A Cell Membrane is a protective membrane that separates the inside environment from the outside environment.

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What is a Gap Junction?

Allows cell-to-cell communication (local communication)
Using connexons

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What is a Tight Junction?

Allows connection between cells
Using desmosomes

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What is Anchoring Juntions?

Allows cell to stay in place (anchors it)

Function of Ephithelia tissue?

Epithelia tissues are tissues that separate the inside from the outside environment.

Types of Epithelial tissue?

Exchange (CO2 & O2)
Ciliates (females reproductive system and air tracks)
Secretory
Transport (materials)
Protective

Function of Connective tissue?

Tissue that provides protection and structure

Types of Connective tissue?

Loose (elastic)
Dense (strength)
Adipose (fat)
Blood (watery matrix lacking protein fibres)
Supportive (dense substances)

Function of muscle tissue?

Allows movement and force

Types of muscle tissue?

Cardiac (heart)
Smooth
Skeletal

Function of neural tissues?

Send signals

What is paracrine?

Paracrine is a type of local communication hormone that acts on it’s neighbouring cell

What is autocrine?

Autocrine is a type of local communication hormone that acts on the signalling cell itself

What is the endocrine system?

in long-distance communication, the endocrine system uses chemical signals to send hormones

Specificity?

some cells can't bind the certain receptors because: - target cells have various receptor proteins - they can only respond to chemical signals if there is an appropriate receptor

What is a Receptor?

a receptor is where ligants are able to bind.

In order name the levels of organization

- atom - molecule - cell - tissues - organs - organ system - organism

What is the integrative approach?

research study how a single cell can influence neighbouring cells, tissues, organs and organisms themselves.

Function vs. Mechanism

Function : "Why" something occurs Mechanism: "How" something occurs

List the type of cell-to-cell communications

- Gap Junctions - Contact-Dependant - Local - Long Distance

What is the role of chemical messengers?

Carry information from one cell to another

Properties of receptors critical for signalling

- Extracellular domain (has receptor than binds to ligand) - Trans-membrane domain (hydrophobic) - Intracellular domain (sends signal to cell)

What is an agonist?

Acts as a primary ligand and successfully creates a response

What is an antagonist?

Acts as a primary ligand and doe snot create a response

What is signal transduction?

When a signal is carried to a particular place, signal amplification occurs