Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Define Anatomy
A
The science of body structures and the relationships among them.
2
Q
Define Physiology
A
The science of body functions - how the body parts work.
3
Q
Identify the location and function of each organ system
A
4
Q
Identify the location and function of each major organ
A
5
Q
Describe the six levels of structural organization of the human body
A
- Chemical level - Can be compared to the letters of the alphabet and includes atoms and molecules.
- Cellular level - Molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals. Can be compared to words.
- Tissue level - Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function. Can be compared to sentences made of words. There are four basic types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.
- Organ level - At this level, different types of tissues are joined together. Can be compared to paragraphs made of sentences. Organs are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.
- System level - A system consists of related organs with a common function. Can be compared to chapters.
- Organismal level - All the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism. Can be compared to a book.
6
Q
Define the 6 important life processes of the human body
A
- Metabolism - The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body. Includes catabolism and anabolism.
- Responsiveness - The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.
- Movement - Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, singles cells, and even the structures inside cells.
- Growth - An increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, and increase in the number of cells, or both.
- Differentiation - The development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state. Includes stem cells.
- Reproduction - Refers to 1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or 2) the production of a new individual.
7
Q
What is the importance of homeostasis?
A
Homeostasis functions to maintain the body’s internal environment within normal limits.
8
Q
What is the relationship of homeostatic imbalances to disorders?
A
The disruption of homeostasis causes illness or death. Some disruptions come from the external environment, others originate in the internal environment. Homeostatic imbalances may also occur due to psychological stresses. In most cases, the imbalance is temporary and the body adjusts, but in some cases the disruption may be intense or prolonged, as in poisoning or infection.
9
Q
Define homeostasis.
A
The maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment. It occurs because of the ceaseless inter-play of the body’s many regulatory systems.
10
Q
What is a feedback system, or feedback loop?
A
A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
11
Q
What is the difference between negative and positive feedback systems.
A
A negative feedback system reverses a change in a controlled condition.
A positive feedback system strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions.
A positive feedback system continually reinforces a change in a controlled condition, some event outside the system must shut it off. If the action of a positive feedback system is not stopped, it can “run away” and can even cause life-threatening conditions in a body. The action of a negative feedback system, by contrast, slows and then stops as the controlled condition returns to its normal state. Usually, positive feedback systems reinforce conditions that do not happen very often, and negative feedback systems regulate conditions in the body that remain fairly stable over long periods.
12
Q
What is the anatomical position? Describe it.
A
The standard position of reference, in which the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward. The lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward.
13
Q
What are the three main parts of a cell?
A
14
Q
What are the various forms of energy?
A
15
Q
What is an exergonic reaction?
A
16
Q
What is an endergonic reaction?
A
17
Q
Describe chemical synthesis.
A
18
Q
Describe chemical decomposition.
A
19
Q
Describe chemical exchange.
A
20
Q
Describe reversible reactions.
A
21
Q
What are the properties of water?
A
22
Q
What are the properties of inorganic acids?
A
23
Q
What are the properties of inorganic bases?
A
24
Q
What are the properties of inorganic salts?
A
25
What is a solution?
26
What is a colloid?
27
What is a suspension?
28
Define PH
29
Explain the role of buffer systems in homeostasis.
30
Define the term functional group as it relates to organic molecules.
31
What is the difference between monomers and polymers?
32
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
33
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
34
What are the different types of lipids?
35
What are the functions of lipids?
36
What are the building blocks of proteins?
37
What are the functional roles of proteins?
38
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
39
What are the components of a nucleotide?
40
What is the functional role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
41
What is cytoplasm?
42
What is cytosol?
43
What is the concept of selective permeability?
44
What is the electrochemical gradient?
45
What are the components of the electrochemical gradient?
46
How are substances transported across the plasma membrane?
47
Describe the function and structure of the nucleus.
48
Describe the sequence of events in protein synthesis.
49
What is somatic cell division?
50
Describe reproductive cell division.
51
Describe how cells differ in size and shape.
52
Name the 4 basic types of tissues that make up the human body.
53
What are the characteristics of each of the 4 basic types of tissues that make up the human body?
54
What are the five main types of cell junctions and what are their structures and functions?
55
What are the main differences between epithelial and connective tissues?
56
What are the general features of epithelial tissue?
57
What are the locations, structures and functions of each type of epithelial tissues?
58
What are the general features of connective tissue?
59
What are the locations, structures and functions of the various types of connective tissue?
60
What are the properties of the various types of membranes?
61
Define a membrane.
A thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures.
62
How are membranes classified?
63
What are the general features of muscular tissue?
64
What are the structural features and functions of nervous tissue?
65
Contrast the structure, location, and mode of control of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue.
66
What is the concept of electrical excitability?
67
Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them.
68
Compare the composition of the papillary and reticular regions of the dermis.
69
Explain the four basic skin colours.
70
Contrast the structure, distribution, and functions of hair, skin glands, and nails.
71
Compare structural and functional differences in thin and thick skin.
72
How does skin contribute to the regulation of body temperature, storage of blood, protection, sensation, excretion and absorption, and the synthesis of vitamin D.
73
What is catabolism?
The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components.
74
What is anabolism?
The building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components.
75
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
The fluid within cells.
76
Extra-cellular fluid (ECF)
The fluid outside body cells. The ECF differs depending on where it occurs in the body. ECF within blood vessels is termed blood plasma, within lymphatic vessels it is called lymph, in and around the brain and spinal cord it is known as cerebrospinal fluid, in joints is is referred to as synovial fluid, and the ECF of the eyes is called aqueous humor and vitreous body.
77
Interstitial fluid
The ECF (extra-cellular fluid) that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues.
78
What is blood plasma?
EFC within blood vessels
79
What is lymph?
The ECF within lymphatic vessels.
80
What is cerebrospinal fluid?
The ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord.
81
What is synovial fluid?
The ECF in the joints.
82
What is aqueous humor and vitreous body?
The ECF of the eyes.
83
What is the internal environment?
The proper functioning of body cells depends on precise regulation of the composition of their surrounding fluid. Because extra-cellular fluid surrounds the cells of the body, it serves as the body’s internal environment.
84
What is the external environment?
The space that surrounds the entire body.
85
How is homeostasis restored in the case of an imbalance?
Most often, the nervous system and the endocrine system, working together or independently, provide the needed corrective measures. The nervous system regulates homeostasis by sending electrical signals to organs that can counteract changes. The endocrine system includes any glands that secrete messenger molecules called hormones into the blood. Nerve impulses act quickly, hormones work more slowly.
86
Describe the components of a feedback system, or feedback loop.
1. Receptors
2. Control Center
3. Effectors
87
What is a receptor and how does it function?
A receptor is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control centre. this pathway is called an afferent pathway. Typically the input is in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals.
88
What is an afferent pathway?
When a receptor sends input to a control centre.
89
What is a control centre and how does it function?
A control centre sets the narrow range or set point within a controlled condition which should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed. Output from the control centre typically occurs as nerve impulses, hormones or other chemical signals. This pathway is called an efferent pathway.
90
What is an efferent pathway?
When output is sent from the control centre to effectors. Information flows away from the control centre.
91
What is an effector and how does it function?
A body structure that receives output from the control centre and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition. Nearly every organ or tissue in the body can behave as an effector.
92
What is a response?
A triggered effect that changes the controlled condition.
93
What is a negative feedback system?
Reverses a change in a controlled condition. Negates the original stimulus. Stops when the controlled condition returns to its normal state.
94
What is a positive feedback system?
Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions. It adds to or reinforces the initial change in the controlled condition. The action of a positive feedback system continues until is it interrupted by some mechanism. Can “run away” or even produce life-threatening conditions in the body.
95
What is the prone position?
When the body is laying facedown.
96
What is the supine position?
When the body is laying faceup.
97
What are the major regions of the body?
1. Cephalic (head)
2. Cervical (neck)
3. Trunk
4. Upper limb
5. Lower limb
98
What are the subregions of the Cephalic region?
1. Cranial (skull)
- Occipital (base of skull)
2. Facial (face)
- Frontal (forehead)
- Temporal (temple)
- Orbital or ocular (eye)
- Otic (ear)
- Buccal (cheek)
- Nasal (nose)
- Oral (mouth)
- Mental (chin)
99
What are the main subregions of the trunk?
Front:
1. Thoracic (chest)
2. Abdominal (abdomen)
3. Pelvic (pelvis)
Back:
1. Dorsal (back)
2. Lumbar (loin)
100
What are the subregions of the thoracic (chest) region?
1. Sternal (breastbone)
2. Mammary (breast)
101
What are the subregions of the abdominal region?
1. Umbilical (navel)
2. Coxal (hip)
102
What are the subregions of the pelvic region?
1. Inguinal (groin)
2. Pubic (pubis)
103
What are the subregions of the dorsal region?
1. Scapular (shoulder blade)
2. Vertebral (spinal column)
104
What are the subregions of the lumbar region?
1. Sacral (between hips)
2. Gluteal (buttock)
3. Perineal (region of anus and external genitals)
105
What are the subregions of the upper limb?
Front:
1. Axillary (armpit)
2. Brachial (arm)
3. Antecubital (front of elbow)
4. Antebrachial (forearm)
5. Carpal (wrist)
6. Palmar or volar (palm)
7. Digital or phalangeal (fingers)
Back:
1. Olecranal or cubital (back of elbow)
2. Dorsum (back of hand)
106
What are the subregions of the lower limb?
Front:
1. Femoral (thigh)
2. Patellar (anterior surface of knee)
3. Crural (leg)
4. Pedal (foot)
Back:
1. Popliteal (hollow behind knee)
2. Sural (calf)
107
What are the subregions of the pedal (foot)?
Anterior (front):
1. Tarsal (ankle)
2. Dorsum (top of foot)
3. Digital or phalangeal (toes)
4. Hallux (great toe)
Posterior (back):
1. Plantar (sole)
2. Calcaneal (heel)
108
What are directional terms?
Terms used to describe the relationship of one part of the body to another.
109
What does superior mean?
Toward the head, or upper part of a structure.
110
What does inferior mean?
Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure.
111
What does anterior mean?
Nearer to, or at the front of the body.
112
What does posterior mean?
Nearer to, or at the back of the body
113
What does medial mean?
Nearer to the midline
114
What does lateral mean?
Farther from the midline
115
What does intermediate mean?
Between two structures
116
What does ipsilateral mean?
On the same side of the body as another structure.
117
What does contralateral mean?
On the opposite side of the body from another structure.
118
What does proximal mean?
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.
119
What does distal mean?
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure.
120
What does superficial mean?
Toward or on the surface of the body.
121
What does deep mean?
Away from the surface of the body.
122
What is a plane?
Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts.
123
Sagittal plane
A vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides. Not specifically along the midline.
124
Midsagittal plane or median plane
When the body if divided into left and right halves along the midline.
125
Parasagittal plane
When the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline, but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides.
126
Frontal or coronal plane
Divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
127
Transverse plane or cross-sectional or horizontal plane
Divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
128
Oblique plane
Passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle (any angle other than a 90-degree angle).
129
What is a section?
A cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes.
130
What are the 5 body cavities?
1. Cranial cavity
- vertebral canal
2. Thoracic cavity
- pleural cavity
- pericardial cavity
- mediastinum
3. Abdominopelvic cavity
- abdominal cavity
- pelvic cavity
131
What is contained in the cranial cavity?
Brain
132
What is the vertebral canal?
Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves.
133
What is the pericardial cavity?
A potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart.
134
What is the mediastinum and what is contained within?
Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels.
135
What is contained in the abdominal cavity?
Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine; the serious membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum.
136
What is contained in the pelvic cavity?
Urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction.
137
What is the pleural cavity and what does it contain?
A potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung.
138
What is a serous membrane?
A slippery, double-layered membrane associated with body cavities that does not open directly to the exterior. It covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen.The serous membrane is made up of:
1. The parietal layer - a thin epithelium that lines the walls of the cavities.
2. The visceral layer - a thin epithelium that covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities.
Between the two layers is a potential space that contains a small amount of lubricating fluid (serous fluid) which allows the viscera to slide somewhat during movements, such as when the lungs inflate and deflate during breathing.
139
What are the different serous membranes?
1. Pleura - the visceral pleura clings to the surface of the lungs. The parietal pleura lines the chest wall, covering the superior surface of the diaphragm.
2. Pericardium - the visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart; the parietal pericardium lines the chest wall.
3. Peritoneum - visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal viscera, the parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall, covering the inferior surface of the diaphragm.
140
What is retroperitoneal?
Organs that lie outside of the peritoneum, which are posterior to it. Includes the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum of the small intestine, ascending and descending colons of the large intestine, and portions of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava.
141
What are abdominopelvic regions?
The abdominopelvic cavity is partitioned into nine abdominopelvic regions:
1. right hypochondriac
2. epigastric
3. left hypochondriac
4. right lumbar
5. umbilical
6. left lumbar
7. right inguinal
8. hypogastric
9. left inguinal
142
What are abdominopelvic quadrants?
The abdominopelvic quadrant can be divided into four quadrants.
1. right upper quadrant
2. left upper quadrant
3. right lower quadrant
4. left lower quadrant
143
When are abdominopelvic regions and quadrants used?
The nine-region designation is used for anatomical studies; the quadrant designation is used to locate the site of pain, tumours, or other abnormalities.
