Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
____ of psychological knowledge are often called researchers
A
Producers
2
Q
____ of psychological knowledge are often called practitioners
A
Consumers
3
Q
____ involves detailing characteristics or behaviors of interest
A
Description
4
Q
____ involves demonstrating that characteristics or behaviors are related to each other
A
Prediction
5
Q
____ involves establishing that changes in one characteristic or behavior leads to changes in another.
A
Understanding
6
Q
Intuition, authority, rational induction, and empiricism are each a useful source of ____
A
Hypotheses
7
Q
but only the latter is an accepted source of ____
A
Knowledge
8
Q
____ hypotheses are related to descriptive knowledge
A
Attributive
9
Q
____ hypotheses to predictive knowledge
A
Associative
10
Q
____ hypotheses to understanding
A
Casual
11
Q
____ hypotheses are about the description of characteristics or behaviors
A
Attributive
12
Q
____ hypotheses are about the statistical relationships between characteristics or behaviors
A
Associative
13
Q
____ hypotheses are about how characteristics or behaviors influence each other.
A
Casual
14
Q
____ comes only from rational induction
A
Proof
15
Q
while ____ comes from empirical research
A
Probabilistic Conclusion
16
Q
Applications of the Research Loop involve ____ studies of new research hypotheses
A
Initial
17
Q
____ studies of previous research to test the reproducibility of previous research findings
A
Replication
18
Q
____ studies to test the specificity and generalizability of previous research findings.
A
Convergent
19
Q
The ____ approach is based on the idea that one properly completed study will give us reliable and correct knowledge
A
Critical Experiment
20
Q
While the ____ approach is based on the idea that reliable and correct knowledge is only obtained from repeating the exact and similar studies to find a pattern of consistent findings.
A
Converging Operations
21
Q
____ validity is about causal interpretability
A
Internal
22
Q
____ validity is about generalizability
A
External
23
Q
____ validity is about proper representation of characteristics or behaviors with our data
A
Measurement
24
Q
____ validity is about correctly deciding whether or not two characteristics or behaviors are related.
A
Statistical
25
____ is the component of external validity related to who is in the study
Population
26
____ is the component related to where the study is conducted
Setting
27
____ is the component related to what participants do and interact with during the study
Task/Stimulus
28
____ is the component related to when the study is conducted
Societal/Temporal
29
A ____ sample “looks like” the target population
Representative
30
A ____ sample is one procedure used to obtain this goal.
Random
31
A ____ sampling frame includes the identity of or access to all members of the target population
Complete Population
32
A ____ sampling frame includes the identity of or access to individuals who are expected to represent the target population
Purposive
33
Each member of a ____ selected sample is individually chosen from the sampling frame and approached to participate in the research
Researcher
34
Those of a ____ selected sample respond to a general invitation to the sampling frame.
Self
35
In a ____ sampling plan each member of the sampling frame has an equal probability of selection
Simple
36
In a ____ sampling plan each member of a given subsection of the sampling frame has an equal probability of selection.
Stratified
37
A ____ includes all members of the group(s) to which the researcher would like to generalize the results of the research
Population
38
A ____ is a list or access process for the group(s).
Sampling Frame
39
The ____ sample incudes all those selected to complete a study
Selected
40
The ____ sample includes all those who actually complete participation in the study.
Data
41
____ is when the results from a study tell us about a broad range or populations, settings, task/stimuli and societal/temporal possibilities
Generalizability
42
____ is when the results from a study tells us about a specific combination of population, setting, task/stimuli and societal/temporal event.
Applicability
43
Population, setting, task/stimulus and societal/temporal are the components of ____
External Validity
44
Initial equivalence and ongoing equivalence are the components of ____
Internal Validity
45
____ is about generalizability
External Validity
46
____ is about causal interpretability
Internal Validity
47
All participants have the same value of a ____
Constant
48
Participants’ different characteristics or behaviors lead them to have different values of ____
Measure Variable
49
differential treatment of participants leads to their having different values of ____
Manipulated Variable
50
The ____ is intended to have an influence on the DV
Causal Variable
51
A ____ is an unwanted influence that eliminates causal interpretability of the results.
Confounding Variable
52
A ____ is not a confound because all participants have the same value on this characteristic
Control Constant
53
A ____ isn’t a confound because members of the different treatments have the same average value on this characteristic
Control Variable
54
____ is accomplished when all subject variable are controlled
Initial Equivalence
55
____ is accomplished when all procedural variable are controlled.
Ongoing Equivalence
56
____ are measured
Subject Variables
57
____ are manipulated
Procedural Variables
58
We use ____ procedures to ensure that the participants will not know the hypothesis or treatment conditions of the study
Single Blind
59
We use ____ procedures ensure that neither the participants nor the data coders will know the hypothesis or treatment conditions of the study
Double Blind
60
We randomly assign participants to procedural conditions to help control ____
Initial Equivalence
61
We randomly assign them to IV conditions to help control ____
Ongoing Equivalence
62
We randomly assign participants to IV conditions to help control ____
Ongoing Equivalence
63
we randomly assign them procedural conditions to help control RA to control ____
Initial Equivalence
64
A ____ involves a single treatment or condition
Demonstration
65
____ involves at least two treatments or conditions.
Comparison
66
A ____ can never be an experiment
Demonstration
67
A ____ can be an experiment, if it is properly conducted.
Comparison
68
A ____ involves random assignment of participants and manipulation of the causal variable
True Experiment
69
A ____ may have manipulation of the causal variable, but never involves random assignment of participants
Non- Experiment
70
Data from a properly conducted from ____ can be causally interpreted
True Experiment
71
Data from a ____ can never be causally interpreted.
Non- Experiment
72
The ____ is the causal variable
Independent Variable
73
The ____ is the effect variable.
Dependent Variable
74
The ____ is sometimes measured and sometimes manipulated
Independent Variable
75
The ____ is always measured
Dependent Variable
76
____ designs have different participants in each condition
Between Groups
77
____ designs have the same participants in all conditions.
Within Groups
78
____ designs are also called cross-sectional designs
Between groups
79
____ designs are also called longitudinal or repeated-measures designs
Within groups
80
Scoring a/an ____ item requires no judgment
Objective
81
Scoring a/an ____ item does requires making a judgment.
Subjective
82
____ standardization has to do with giving the scale or test the same way each time
Administration
83
____ standardization has to do with grading the scale of test the same way each time.
Scoring
84
____ reliability has to do with the consistency of the items making up the scale
Internal Reliability
85
____ reliability has to do with getting the same score from two different versions of a test or scale.
Test-retest Reliabilty
86
____ validity is evaluated by members of the target audience
Face Validity
87
____ validity is evaluated by experts familiar with the construct being measures.
Content Validity
88
____ validity is evaluated by relating the scale or test to a specific criterion with which it should be correlated
Criterion Related Validity
89
____ validity is evaluated by relating the scale or test to several other measures some of which it should be correlated with and some of which it should not be correlated.
Construct Validity
90
____ validity asks if a measure taken now can estimate the score on another measure that will be taken in the future
Predictive Validity
91
____ validity asks if a measure taken now can estimate the score on another measure also taken now.
Concurrent Validity
92
____ is used to prepare “backwards items” so that they can be aggregated into a composite score.
Reverse Keying
93
____ data collection usually involves interviews or questionnaires
Self-Report
94
____ data collection usually involves video cameras or field notes.
Observational
95
____ research is based on self-report data
Survey Research
96
____ research is based on observational data
Observational Research
97
A ____ setting is the most controlled
Laboratory Setting
98
A ____ setting is a mock-up of the participant’s natural environment
Structured Setting
99
A ____ setting is the participant’s natural environment.
Field Setting
100
____ interviews involve questioning one participant at a time face-to-face
Personal
101
____ interviews are sent to the participants who (hopefully) completes and returns the interview to the researcher
Mail
102
____ interviews involve bothering potential participants during dinner or intimate moments (just kidding)
Phone
103
____ interviews involve getting data from a few to a few hundred participants simultaneously
Group Self-Report
104
During ____ observation the observer is completely hidden from the participants
Naturalistic
105
During ____ observation the observer appears to be one of the participants
Disguised Participant
106
During ____ observation the observer is neither hidden nor pretending to be one of the participants
Undisguised Participant
107
____ occurs when participants don’t respond honestly to questions because they know their answers are being recorded
Response Bias
108
____ occurs when participants behave differently because they know they are being observed
Reactivity
109
____ expectancy effects can only be prevented by double-blind designs
Experimenter
110
____ expectancy effects can be prevented by single-blind designs
Participant
111
____ expectancy effects occur when data collectors or data coders influence the results of the research, usually to be more in line with their research hypotheses
Experimenter
112
____ expectancy effect occur when participants respond “as they think they should”
Participant
113
____ bias is a potential problem of observational data collection
Reactivity
114
____ bias is a potential problem with self-report
Response
115
____ bias happens with the data recorder or data coder in a study using observational data collection methods influences the data (usually by making it better fit their research hypothesis)
Observer
116
____ bias happens when the data recorder or data coder in a study using self-report data collection methods influences the data (usually by making it better fit their research hypothesis).
Interviewer
