Unit 1

Question 1

Health

Answer 1

A state of complete social, physical, and mental wellbeing

Question 2

Wellness

Answer 2

Purposeful, enjoyable living with a deliberate lifestyle choice to strive for optimal enhancement of physical, mental, and spiritual health

Question 3

Factors that shape health behaviour

Answer 3

Predisposing: predetermined knowledge/situations that encourage/inhibit change - beliefs, skills, age, education
Enabling: factors that make it easier/possible to change behaviour - physical/mental capacity, resources, skills
Reinforcing: praise/encouragement from others

Question 4

Factors associated with disease + mortality

Answer 4

Disease: SDOH - can be divided into 3 categories - social/economic situation, physical environment, characteristics/genes/behaviours
Mortality: dietary risks, smoking, high BMI, high blood pressure, physical inactivity, high blood glucose, high cholesterol, alcohol use, drug use, occupational risks

Question 5

Social determinants of health (SODH)

Answer 5

Health is impacted by the situation of the individual, from socioeconomic status to race to early childhood development

Question 6

Approaches to improve health

Answer 6

Treatment: accepting medical care when needed
Prevention: avoiding a behaviour that puts health at risk
Protection: being safe when engaging in risky behaviours
Health promotion: encourage changes to improve health
Population health: looking at the overall health of a population by examining SDOH + resources available

Question 7

Theories of factors of health behaviour change

Answer 7

Health Belief Model: [see predictors of health behaviour]
Social Cognitive Theory: interactions between thoughts + behaviours in personal beliefs + outcome expectations
Theory of Reasoned Action: behavioural intention, predicted through expected outcomes, attitude towards behaviour, + beliefs of what peers do
Theory of Planned Behaviour: the above theory + perceived behavioural control (including external factors)
*Trans-Theoretical Model of Behaviour Change: [see stages of change]

Question 8

3 factors of health promotion

Answer 8

Self-care: decisions and actions of an individual taken in the interest in their own health
Mutual-aid: actions taken to help others
Healthy environments: positive conditions created to promote a healthy lifestyle

Question 9

Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI)

Answer 9

Independent, non-profit organization that provides health information including national health indicators + standards, health spending, and health research
- a special project of theirs is the Canadian Population Health Initiative (CPHI) that works to promote healthy behaviours by educating the public on health

Question 10

Canadian Health Act (CHA)

Answer 10

The government legislation that sets the standard for Canadian healthcare as “to facilitate reasonable access to healthcare services and to protect, promote, and restore the physical + mental wellbeing of Canadians”

Question 11

Canada Health Transfer (CHT)

Answer 11

The primary form of federal financial contribution to healthcare across the country; it has 5 principles

1. public admin - healthcare must be operated on a non-profit basis + accountable to provincial governments
2. comprehensiveness - all medically necessary healthcare costs must be covered by health insurance
3. universality - everyone is entitled to the same level of insured health services + quality of care
4. portability - moving provincially does not impact healthcare coverage/costs
5. accessibility - reasonable access to all, finances + barriers should not impede access to care

Question 12

Population health

Answer 12

Social and economic forces that shapes the health of the entire Canadian population

Question 13

Epidemiology

Answer 13

The study of how often diseases occur in different populations and why there is a discrepancy

Question 14

6 dimensions of wellness

Answer 14

Social: contribution to society, helping others, connection with friends + family, investing in relationships
Occupational: personal enrichment through work that is consistent with values/beliefs/interests
Spiritual: purpose in life, religion, experiencing love/joy
Physical: regular physical activity to promote wellness
Intellectual: critical thinking, learning, and openness
Emotional: good self-image, ability to cope, being able to be independent but knowing when to ask for help

Question 15

14 factors of SDOH

Answer 15

Income: poverty gap + quality of life
Education: more education = more job opportunities
Employment status: more stress = negative coping
Employment conditions: stress + injuries
Childhood development: social + education + nutrition
Food insecurity: inadequate access to food + malnutrition
Housing: 30% of pay is for home = less money for food
Discrimination: stress + reduced access to resources
Safety net: programs to help life transitions + events
Health access: less available in rural + Rx costs
Aboriginal: discrimination + income/housing insecurity
Gender: wage gap + discrimination + suicide among men
Race: discrimination + stress + mental health
Disability: lack of jobs/funding/support

Question 16

Factors determining personal health

Answer 16

SDOH, physical activity, nutrition, substance use, risky behaviours, occupational risks, high levels of blood pressure/BMI/blood glucose/total cholesterol

Question 17

Predictors of health behaviour based on an individual’s attitudes + beliefs (from Health Belief Model)

Answer 17

Perceived susceptibility: belief of being at risk
Perceived severity: perception of severity of the risks
Perceived benefits: belief in improvement
Cues to action: experiences that encourage change
Self-efficacy: belief of ability to succeed with change

Question 18

States of change (Trans-Theoretical Model of Behaviour Change)

Answer 18

Pre-contemplation: not aware of problem
Contemplation: aware of problem, considering change
Preparation: intention to change, making a plan
Action: actively modifying behaviour
Maintenance: continued effort to make change a habit
Termination: when the change has become a habit

Question 19

Types of prevention

Answer 19

Primordial: reduce future risk by avoiding behaviours that could lead to impacted health
Primary: altering behaviours to prevent specific diseases, can be active (flossing teeth) or passive (fluoride)
Secondary: screening procedures done to detect/treat conditions before symptoms are detectable
Tertiary: rehab approach after a disease has developed to reduce impact on quality of life

Question 20

Risky behaviours

Answer 20

Substance use, multiple sexual partners, dangerous driving, poor nutrition, poor sleep

Question 21

Quality of Life model (QOL)

Answer 21

Sense of being: the state of an individual’s wellbeing; physically/mentally/spiritually
Sense of belonging: connections with others and the environment; physical (home/work)/social/community
Sense of becoming: achieving personal goals and aspirations; practical (work) /leisure (stress reduction) /growth (personal goals)

Question 22

Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)

Answer 22

A federal agency that works with provinces to promote health, reduce healthcare costs, preventing the development of chronic diseases, and responds to national health threats (ex. COVID)

Question 23

Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR)

Answer 23

A federal agency that funds health research and makes the newly discovered information available to school/recreational/healthcare professionals

Question 24

Physical + Health Education (PHE) Canada

Answer 24

A national agency that works with schools + children’s recreational settings to advocate for quality health education for children