Unit 1 Flashcards
Health
A state of complete social, physical, and mental wellbeing
Wellness
Purposeful, enjoyable living with a deliberate lifestyle choice to strive for optimal enhancement of physical, mental, and spiritual health
Factors that shape health behaviour
Predisposing: predetermined knowledge/situations that encourage/inhibit change - beliefs, skills, age, education
Enabling: factors that make it easier/possible to change behaviour - physical/mental capacity, resources, skills
Reinforcing: praise/encouragement from others
Factors associated with disease + mortality
Disease: SDOH - can be divided into 3 categories - social/economic situation, physical environment, characteristics/genes/behaviours
Mortality: dietary risks, smoking, high BMI, high blood pressure, physical inactivity, high blood glucose, high cholesterol, alcohol use, drug use, occupational risks
Social determinants of health (SODH)
Health is impacted by the situation of the individual, from socioeconomic status to race to early childhood development
Approaches to improve health
Treatment: accepting medical care when needed
Prevention: avoiding a behaviour that puts health at risk
Protection: being safe when engaging in risky behaviours
Health promotion: encourage changes to improve health
Population health: looking at the overall health of a population by examining SDOH + resources available
Theories of factors of health behaviour change
Health Belief Model: [see predictors of health behaviour]
Social Cognitive Theory: interactions between thoughts + behaviours in personal beliefs + outcome expectations
Theory of Reasoned Action: behavioural intention, predicted through expected outcomes, attitude towards behaviour, + beliefs of what peers do
Theory of Planned Behaviour: the above theory + perceived behavioural control (including external factors)
*Trans-Theoretical Model of Behaviour Change: [see stages of change]
3 factors of health promotion
Self-care: decisions and actions of an individual taken in the interest in their own health
Mutual-aid: actions taken to help others
Healthy environments: positive conditions created to promote a healthy lifestyle
Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI)
Independent, non-profit organization that provides health information including national health indicators + standards, health spending, and health research
- a special project of theirs is the Canadian Population Health Initiative (CPHI) that works to promote healthy behaviours by educating the public on health
Canadian Health Act (CHA)
The government legislation that sets the standard for Canadian healthcare as “to facilitate reasonable access to healthcare services and to protect, promote, and restore the physical + mental wellbeing of Canadians”
Canada Health Transfer (CHT)
The primary form of federal financial contribution to healthcare across the country; it has 5 principles
- public admin - healthcare must be operated on a non-profit basis + accountable to provincial governments
- comprehensiveness - all medically necessary healthcare costs must be covered by health insurance
- universality - everyone is entitled to the same level of insured health services + quality of care
- portability - moving provincially does not impact healthcare coverage/costs
- accessibility - reasonable access to all, finances + barriers should not impede access to care
Population health
Social and economic forces that shapes the health of the entire Canadian population
Epidemiology
The study of how often diseases occur in different populations and why there is a discrepancy
6 dimensions of wellness
Social: contribution to society, helping others, connection with friends + family, investing in relationships
Occupational: personal enrichment through work that is consistent with values/beliefs/interests
Spiritual: purpose in life, religion, experiencing love/joy
Physical: regular physical activity to promote wellness
Intellectual: critical thinking, learning, and openness
Emotional: good self-image, ability to cope, being able to be independent but knowing when to ask for help
14 factors of SDOH
Income: poverty gap + quality of life
Education: more education = more job opportunities
Employment status: more stress = negative coping
Employment conditions: stress + injuries
Childhood development: social + education + nutrition
Food insecurity: inadequate access to food + malnutrition
Housing: 30% of pay is for home = less money for food
Discrimination: stress + reduced access to resources
Safety net: programs to help life transitions + events
Health access: less available in rural + Rx costs
Aboriginal: discrimination + income/housing insecurity
Gender: wage gap + discrimination + suicide among men
Race: discrimination + stress + mental health
Disability: lack of jobs/funding/support
Factors determining personal health
SDOH, physical activity, nutrition, substance use, risky behaviours, occupational risks, high levels of blood pressure/BMI/blood glucose/total cholesterol
Predictors of health behaviour based on an individual’s attitudes + beliefs (from Health Belief Model)
Perceived susceptibility: belief of being at risk
Perceived severity: perception of severity of the risks
Perceived benefits: belief in improvement
Cues to action: experiences that encourage change
Self-efficacy: belief of ability to succeed with change
States of change (Trans-Theoretical Model of Behaviour Change)
Pre-contemplation: not aware of problem
Contemplation: aware of problem, considering change
Preparation: intention to change, making a plan
Action: actively modifying behaviour
Maintenance: continued effort to make change a habit
Termination: when the change has become a habit
Types of prevention
Primordial: reduce future risk by avoiding behaviours that could lead to impacted health
Primary: altering behaviours to prevent specific diseases, can be active (flossing teeth) or passive (fluoride)
Secondary: screening procedures done to detect/treat conditions before symptoms are detectable
Tertiary: rehab approach after a disease has developed to reduce impact on quality of life
Risky behaviours
Substance use, multiple sexual partners, dangerous driving, poor nutrition, poor sleep
Quality of Life model (QOL)
Sense of being: the state of an individual’s wellbeing; physically/mentally/spiritually
Sense of belonging: connections with others and the environment; physical (home/work)/social/community
Sense of becoming: achieving personal goals and aspirations; practical (work) /leisure (stress reduction) /growth (personal goals)
Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)
A federal agency that works with provinces to promote health, reduce healthcare costs, preventing the development of chronic diseases, and responds to national health threats (ex. COVID)
Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR)
A federal agency that funds health research and makes the newly discovered information available to school/recreational/healthcare professionals
Physical + Health Education (PHE) Canada
A national agency that works with schools + children’s recreational settings to advocate for quality health education for children
