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Biology Unit 1 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure of phospholipid bilayer

A

Phospholipids form a bilayer with the hydrophobic and polar tails of the lipid facing the middle of the membrane and the hydrophilic and non-polar head of the membrane towards the watery contents of the cell

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2
Q

Channel proteins

A

Hydrophilic, passes through centre of integral membrane. Transports Polar molecules through the membrane (example water) channels are water field pause or tunnels. Used in facilitated diffusion. Transport large and polar molecules. 

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3
Q

Phospholipids

A

Paula/hydrophilic head. Nonpolar/hydrophobic tail

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4
Q

Cholesterol

A

Regulate fluidity, neither tooth fluid or too firm

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5
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Have branching carbohydrates on surface, recognition and adhesion between cells and in the recognition of antibodies, hormones and viruses

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6
Q

 how does the cell membrane maintain homeostasis

A

By controlling the movement of substances across the cell membrane

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7
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecules move from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration

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8
Q

Passive transport

A

Move down a concentration gradient no energy required

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9
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Solute molecules move across the membrane if they are permeable (for example oxygen and carbon dioxide)

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10
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Charged particles, large molecules carried across using transport proteins, protein channels (for example potassium, glucose)

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11
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water molecules from high to low water concentration until it comes to an equilibrium

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12
Q

Active transport

A

Against concentration gradient and uses energy powered by ATP

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13
Q

Active transport through carrier proteins

A

Carry ions in large polar molecules for example glucose through the membrane by changing the shape of the molecule

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14
Q

Exocytosis

A

Type of active transport, moves materials out of cell

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15
Q

Endocytosis 

A

Moves large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic cell membrane

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16
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Forms of vesicle in the cytoplasm to engulf large molecules

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17
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Forms vacuoles in the cytoplasm to take in fluid along with dissolved small molecules

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18
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion

A

As temperature increases the rate increases

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19
Q

How does concentration affect the rate of diffusion

A

As concentration increases rate increases

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20
Q

How does particle size affect rate of diffusion

A

As particle size increases the rate decreases

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21
Q

How does surface area to volume ratio affect rate of diffusion

A

The bigger the surface area to volume ratio the faster the rate of diffusion

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22
Q

How are charged particles moved

A

Channel protein

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23
Q

How are small molecules moved

A

Simple diffusion

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24
Q

How are large molecules moved

A

Carrier protein

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25
Q

What does cells need for survival

A

Cells need light energy through photosynthesis. Cells need matter. 

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26
Q

Organic matter

A

Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

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27
Q

In organic matter

A

Compounds that are organic for example oxygen gas, water and various mineral and ions

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28
Q

What are the big four elements required by cells

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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29
Q

Carbohydrate and its monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides

A

Monosaccharides is glucose disaccharide is sucrose and polysaccharide is cellulose or glycogen

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30
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugar that cannot hydrolysis

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31
Q

Disaccharide 

A

Any substance that is composed of two molecules of simple sugars (monosaccharides) linked to each other

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32
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A carbohydrate who is molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bounded together

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33
Q

How is carbon dioxide removed as a waste

A

Is a byproduct of cellular respiration and it is eliminated by the respiratory system

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34
Q

How is urea removed as a waste

A

It is a byproduct of Digestion of proteins and it is eliminated by the excretory system

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35
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Membrane bound organelles, linear DNA, paired chromosomes, larger, no flagellum

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36
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

No membrane bound organelles, circular DNA, single chroma zone, smaller, exist as single cells, have flagellum

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37
Q

Similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Carry DNA in rDNA, have vesicles, ribosomes, plasma membrane, cytoplam

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38
Q

Evolutionary past of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells involved when single celled organism was engulfed and survived within the cell of another single cell organism the collision of two prokaryotes

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39
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Carry out photosynthesis

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40
Q

Mitochondria

A

Carry out cellular respiration to create ATP

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41
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesis of complex molecules including proteins

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42
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A



 synthesis of carbohydrates lipids and steroids

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43
Q

Plastids

A

Synthesis of pigments tannis and polyphenols

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44
Q

Lysosomes

A

Removal of cellular products and waste

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45
Q

How does the mitochondria help enzyme reactions

A

Through the folding of the membrane which increases the surface area

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46
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme rate

A

Increases rate of reaction until optimum is reached than the enzyme becomes denatured (bonds breaking with protein molecule)

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47
Q

How does pH affect enzyme reactions

A

Increase pH until optimum is reached then denatured

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48
Q

How does increasing enzyme concentration affect enzyme reactions

A

Increase rate of reactions, continue to capitalyse 

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49
Q

How does increasing substrate concentration affect enzyme reactions

A

Increase rate of reaction into limiting value is reached and there is no more enzyme to use therefore rate plateaus

50
Q

How do you competitive inhibitors affect rate of reaction

A

They bind to active site and prevent the substrate from binding the same active site

51
Q

How do noncompetitive inhibitors affect enzyme rate 

A

Find two allosteric site on the enzyme which changes the shape of the enzyme, preventing the substrate from binding to the active site

52
Q

Irreversible inhibitors

A

Form a covalent bond with part of the enzyme causing a permanent change to the enzyme

53
Q

Reversible inhibitors

A

Find to an enzyme non-covalently 

54
Q

Enzymes

A

Globular

Proteins that lower activation energy, speed up rate of reaction without being changed themselves

55
Q

Activation energy

A

Energy needed to start a chemical reaction

56
Q

Active site

A

Region of enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo chemical reaction

57
Q

Lock and key model for enzyme and substrate

A

The substrate fits into The active site of the enzyme, forming an enzyme – substrate complex. Strong bonds conform between an enzyme that lowers the activation energy required for the chemical reaction to occur

58
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical reactions occurring in cells

59
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Series of small reactions

60
Q

Anabolic pathway

A

Build up molecules (uses energy

61
Q

Catabolic pathway

A

Breakdown molecules (release energy)

62
Q

Do organisms recycle ATP

A

Organisms obtain energy needed to recycle ATP from glucose molecules in the process of cellular respiration

63
Q

How does the recycling of glucose and ATP work

A

Breakdown of glucose gives energy this energy is used to make ATP during synthesis reaction

64
Q

ATP

A

Organic chemical able to store and release large amounts of energy: consists of the chemical afenosine bound with threephosphate groups

65
Q

ADP

A

Chemical bound to 2 phosphate groups each bond requiring an input of energy

66
Q

Phosphorylstion 

A

Addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

67
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Enzyme controlled series of chemical reactions that occur in the chloroplast and uses light energy to synthesise organic compounds (glucose)

68
Q

Equation of photosynthesis

A

6C02+ 12 H2O =(Light energy) C6H1206 +602+ 6H20

69
Q

Light dependent stage of photosynthesis

A

In thylakoid membrane only in the presence of light, energy is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen the byproduct being oxygen, hydrogen is carried it to the next stage. In puts a light and water NADP and ADP + P, output are oxygen NADP and ATP

70
Q

Light independent stage of photosynthesis

A

In stroma, series of enzyme catalysed reactions that use carbon dioxide and the products from the light dependent stage (NADPH and ATP) to form glucose. Known as Calvin cycle  inputs are carbon dioxide, NADPH and ATP outputs are glucose, water, NADP+ and ATP plus P

71
Q



A
72
Q

Glycogen

A

Glucose link together in animal cells

73
Q

What could be used as energy when there’s no more glycogen or carbohydrates to be broken into glucose

A

Fats and proteins

74
Q

Aerobic respiration equation

A

C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O+36/38ATP

75
Q

Process of aerobic respiration

A

Glucose goes through glycolysis to create two pyruvate molecules then goes into the curbs cycle to create carbon dioxide then goes into the electron transport chain to create water

76
Q

Glycolysis

A

In the cytoplasm, inputs are glucose and activation energy, output is to pyruvate molecules, 2ATP is produced

77
Q

Kerbs cycle

A

Located in the matrix, input is pyruvate and water, output is carbon dioxide, 2ATP is made

78
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Located in Cristae important is oxygen output is water, 30to 32 ATP are made

79
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Under supply of oxygen, ATP is produced from glucose by the reaction sequence known as glycolysis with fermentation

80
Q

What are the two types of fermentation in anaerobic respiration

A

Alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

81
Q

How are stem cells different from other cells

A

They are and specialised and have properties of self renewal and potency. Three main differences are have potency can differentiate into any specialised cell and are unspecialised

82
Q

Differentiation

A

Cells become specialised into specific types of cells

83
Q

Why do you stem cells differentiate into specialised cells

A

To form tissues and organs in multicellular organisms

84
Q

What are the main functions of adult stem cells

A

Growth repair and maintenance

85
Q

What is potency of cells

A

The ability of a stem cell to differentiate into specialised cell types. Furthermore the potential to divide and replicate for long periods of time

86
Q

Hierarchical structure organisation of cells

A

Cells, tissues, organs and systems

87
Q

Totipotent

A

Give rise to any type of differentiated cells and form a fetus. For example union of sperm and over them forms zygote, The cells formed from the first few divisions are Toti potent

88
Q

Pluripotent

A

Conform into any of the embryonic germ layers and give rise to also types of the body embryonic stem cells from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst a prepotent

89
Q

Multi potent

A

Can develop into more than one cell type but not also types for example adult stem cells are found in specific tissues are multipotent such as bone marrow

90
Q

Gas exchange

A

Gas exchange is the uptake of oxygen from the environment and the release of carbon dioxide

91
Q

Essential conditions for surfaces of gas exchange

A

It must be moist, thin/permeable, large surface area, rich blood supply and high concentration gradient

92
Q

Why are surfaces of gas exchange moist

A

Essential as the gases need to dissolve to pass through the membrane

93
Q

Why are surfaces of gas exchange then impermeable

A

To make diffusion across the membrane quicker

94
Q

Why do surfaces of gas exchange have a high surface area

A

Provides an increased area for diffusion and molecules to move across the membrane clicker

95
Q

Why do surfaces where gas exchange occurs have rich blood supply

A

Gases can be removed quickly

96
Q

Why do services where gas exchangeOccurs have high concentration

A

Higher the concentration gradient equals faster rate of diffusion

97
Q

Where does gas exchange occurs

A

In the alveoli (lungs) or the gills

98
Q

How does gas exchange occur In the lungs

A

By diffusion between the alveoli and the blood

99
Q

How does gas exchange happen in the circulatory system

A

They go through the arteries then capillaries and veins

100
Q

What are capillaries

A

Fine and allow exchange it materials in and out of the cell

101
Q

Why do veins have valves

A

Valves in veins open to permit the movement of blood towards the heart but close to prevent backflow

102
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Red pigment inside of red blood cells, carry one oxygen molecule, have for polypeptide (polypeptide are amino acids linked together)

103
Q

Digestive system

A

Muscular tube running through the centre of an animal to open things to the outside. Food enters through the mouth is processed as it passes through the tube and nutrients are released into the cells 

104
Q

Absorption of nutrients in the small intestine

A

The lining is moist and then with a rich supply of blood vessels also contain Billy which increases the surface area it’s one Celtic and it facilitates efficient absorption. Furthermore Islam which also makes efficient absorption

105
Q

Analyse

A

Produced in salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine, function, breakdown of carbohydrates into sugars and is located in the mouth or small intestines

106
Q

Protease

A

Produced in the stomach, pancreas, small intestine function, catalyses the breakdown of proteins into amino acids, located in stomach or small intestine

107
Q

Lipase

A

Produced in pancreas, small intestine, function, catalyses the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol, located in small intestine

108
Q

Petiole

A

Stalk of life

109
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water and minerals from the roots

110
Q

Phloem

A

Transports sugars and other organic molecules

111
Q

Epidermis

A

Protects the inner layer of cells

112
Q

Waxy cuticle

A

Reduces evaporation

113
Q

Mesophyll cells

A

Contain chloroplasts to conduct photosynthesis

114
Q

Stomata

A

Pause or openings in the epidermis flanked by Guard. When the leaf has less water becomes closed and soft, when the leaves gains more water swell and open, usually on the bottom of the leaf, takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen

115
Q

Factors affecting transpiration

A

Light, temperature, wind, humidity

116
Q

How does light affect transpiration

A

Stomata usually open in the light and close in the dark

117
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration

A

An increase in temperature increases the rate of transpiration

118
Q

How does wind effect transpiration

A

Wind increases respiration by the removal of water vapour around the stone metal pole this maintains a concentration gradient for all gases and water vapour

119
Q

How does humidity affect transpiration

A

An increase in humidity causes a decrease in transpiration. This is due to a decreased diffusion gradient between the intercellular spaces in the atmosphere which reduces evaporation

120
Q

Movement of water in plants

A

Water (containing dissolved minerals and ions) enters through the root hairs of land plants, the water movement is in one direction only, this is called the transpiration stream

121
Q

Transpiration

A

Water loss from the plant by evaporation

122
Q

Where does most of water absorption occur

A

Root hairs as water passes from the soil into the root hairs as a result of osmosis

Biology Unit 1 (1 decks)

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