Unit 1 Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Structure of phospholipid bilayer
A
Phospholipids form a bilayer with the hydrophobic and polar tails of the lipid facing the middle of the membrane and the hydrophilic and non-polar head of the membrane towards the watery contents of the cell
2
Q
Channel proteins
A
Hydrophilic, passes through centre of integral membrane. Transports Polar molecules through the membrane (example water) channels are water field pause or tunnels. Used in facilitated diffusion. Transport large and polar molecules. 
3
Q
Phospholipids
A
Paula/hydrophilic head. Nonpolar/hydrophobic tail
4
Q
Cholesterol
A
Regulate fluidity, neither tooth fluid or too firm
5
Q
Glycoprotein
A
Have branching carbohydrates on surface, recognition and adhesion between cells and in the recognition of antibodies, hormones and viruses
6
Q
 how does the cell membrane maintain homeostasis
A
By controlling the movement of substances across the cell membrane
7
Q
Diffusion
A
Molecules move from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration
8
Q
Passive transport
A
Move down a concentration gradient no energy required
9
Q
Simple diffusion
A
Solute molecules move across the membrane if they are permeable (for example oxygen and carbon dioxide)
10
Q
Facilitated diffusion
A
Charged particles, large molecules carried across using transport proteins, protein channels (for example potassium, glucose)
11
Q
Osmosis
A
Movement of water molecules from high to low water concentration until it comes to an equilibrium
12
Q
Active transport
A
Against concentration gradient and uses energy powered by ATP
13
Q
Active transport through carrier proteins
A
Carry ions in large polar molecules for example glucose through the membrane by changing the shape of the molecule
14
Q
Exocytosis
A
Type of active transport, moves materials out of cell
15
Q
Endocytosis 
A
Moves large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic cell membrane
16
Q
Phagocytosis
A
Forms of vesicle in the cytoplasm to engulf large molecules
17
Q
Pinocytosis
A
Forms vacuoles in the cytoplasm to take in fluid along with dissolved small molecules
18
Q
How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion
A
As temperature increases the rate increases
19
Q
How does concentration affect the rate of diffusion
A
As concentration increases rate increases
20
Q
How does particle size affect rate of diffusion
A
As particle size increases the rate decreases
21
Q
How does surface area to volume ratio affect rate of diffusion
A
The bigger the surface area to volume ratio the faster the rate of diffusion
22
Q
How are charged particles moved
A
Channel protein
23
Q
How are small molecules moved
A
Simple diffusion
24
Q
How are large molecules moved
A
Carrier protein
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What does cells need for survival
Cells need light energy through photosynthesis. Cells need matter. 
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Organic matter
Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen
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In organic matter
Compounds that are organic for example oxygen gas, water and various mineral and ions
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What are the big four elements required by cells
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
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Carbohydrate and its monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides
Monosaccharides is glucose disaccharide is sucrose and polysaccharide is cellulose or glycogen
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Monosaccharides
Simple sugar that cannot hydrolysis
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Disaccharide 
Any substance that is composed of two molecules of simple sugars (monosaccharides) linked to each other
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Polysaccharide
A carbohydrate who is molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bounded together
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How is carbon dioxide removed as a waste
Is a byproduct of cellular respiration and it is eliminated by the respiratory system
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How is urea removed as a waste
It is a byproduct of Digestion of proteins and it is eliminated by the excretory system
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Eukaryotic cells
Membrane bound organelles, linear DNA, paired chromosomes, larger, no flagellum
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Prokaryotic cells
No membrane bound organelles, circular DNA, single chroma zone, smaller, exist as single cells, have flagellum
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Similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Carry DNA in rDNA, have vesicles, ribosomes, plasma membrane, cytoplam
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Evolutionary past of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells involved when single celled organism was engulfed and survived within the cell of another single cell organism the collision of two prokaryotes
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Chloroplasts
Carry out photosynthesis
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Mitochondria
Carry out cellular respiration to create ATP
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesis of complex molecules including proteins
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

 synthesis of carbohydrates lipids and steroids
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Plastids
Synthesis of pigments tannis and polyphenols
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Lysosomes
Removal of cellular products and waste
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How does the mitochondria help enzyme reactions
Through the folding of the membrane which increases the surface area
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How does temperature affect enzyme rate
Increases rate of reaction until optimum is reached than the enzyme becomes denatured (bonds breaking with protein molecule)
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How does pH affect enzyme reactions
Increase pH until optimum is reached then denatured
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How does increasing enzyme concentration affect enzyme reactions
Increase rate of reactions, continue to capitalyse 
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How does increasing substrate concentration affect enzyme reactions
Increase rate of reaction into limiting value is reached and there is no more enzyme to use therefore rate plateaus
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How do you competitive inhibitors affect rate of reaction
They bind to active site and prevent the substrate from binding the same active site
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How do noncompetitive inhibitors affect enzyme rate 
Find two allosteric site on the enzyme which changes the shape of the enzyme, preventing the substrate from binding to the active site
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Irreversible inhibitors
Form a covalent bond with part of the enzyme causing a permanent change to the enzyme
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Reversible inhibitors
Find to an enzyme non-covalently 
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Enzymes
Globular
| Proteins that lower activation energy, speed up rate of reaction without being changed themselves
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Activation energy
Energy needed to start a chemical reaction
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Active site
Region of enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo chemical reaction
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Lock and key model for enzyme and substrate
The substrate fits into The active site of the enzyme, forming an enzyme – substrate complex. Strong bonds conform between an enzyme that lowers the activation energy required for the chemical reaction to occur
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Metabolism
Chemical reactions occurring in cells
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Metabolic pathway
Series of small reactions
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Anabolic pathway
Build up molecules (uses energy
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Catabolic pathway
Breakdown molecules (release energy)
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Do organisms recycle ATP
Organisms obtain energy needed to recycle ATP from glucose molecules in the process of cellular respiration
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How does the recycling of glucose and ATP work
Breakdown of glucose gives energy this energy is used to make ATP during synthesis reaction
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ATP
Organic chemical able to store and release large amounts of energy: consists of the chemical afenosine bound with threephosphate groups
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ADP
Chemical bound to 2 phosphate groups each bond requiring an input of energy
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Phosphorylstion 
Addition of a phosphate group to a molecule
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Photosynthesis
Enzyme controlled series of chemical reactions that occur in the chloroplast and uses light energy to synthesise organic compounds (glucose)
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Equation of photosynthesis
6C02+ 12 H2O =(Light energy) C6H1206 +602+ 6H20
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Light dependent stage of photosynthesis
In thylakoid membrane only in the presence of light, energy is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen the byproduct being oxygen, hydrogen is carried it to the next stage. In puts a light and water NADP and ADP + P, output are oxygen NADP and ATP
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Light independent stage of photosynthesis
In stroma, series of enzyme catalysed reactions that use carbon dioxide and the products from the light dependent stage (NADPH and ATP) to form glucose. Known as Calvin cycle  inputs are carbon dioxide, NADPH and ATP outputs are glucose, water, NADP+ and ATP plus P
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Glycogen
Glucose link together in animal cells
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What could be used as energy when there’s no more glycogen or carbohydrates to be broken into glucose
Fats and proteins
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Aerobic respiration equation
C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O+36/38ATP
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Process of aerobic respiration
Glucose goes through glycolysis to create two pyruvate molecules then goes into the curbs cycle to create carbon dioxide then goes into the electron transport chain to create water
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Glycolysis
In the cytoplasm, inputs are glucose and activation energy, output is to pyruvate molecules, 2ATP is produced
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Kerbs cycle
Located in the matrix, input is pyruvate and water, output is carbon dioxide, 2ATP is made
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Electron transport chain
Located in Cristae important is oxygen output is water, 30to 32 ATP are made
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Anaerobic respiration
Under supply of oxygen, ATP is produced from glucose by the reaction sequence known as glycolysis with fermentation
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What are the two types of fermentation in anaerobic respiration
Alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation
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How are stem cells different from other cells
They are and specialised and have properties of self renewal and potency. Three main differences are have potency can differentiate into any specialised cell and are unspecialised
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Differentiation
Cells become specialised into specific types of cells
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Why do you stem cells differentiate into specialised cells
To form tissues and organs in multicellular organisms
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What are the main functions of adult stem cells
Growth repair and maintenance
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What is potency of cells
The ability of a stem cell to differentiate into specialised cell types. Furthermore the potential to divide and replicate for long periods of time
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Hierarchical structure organisation of cells
Cells, tissues, organs and systems
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Totipotent
Give rise to any type of differentiated cells and form a fetus. For example union of sperm and over them forms zygote, The cells formed from the first few divisions are Toti potent
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Pluripotent
Conform into any of the embryonic germ layers and give rise to also types of the body embryonic stem cells from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst a prepotent
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Multi potent
Can develop into more than one cell type but not also types for example adult stem cells are found in specific tissues are multipotent such as bone marrow
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Gas exchange
Gas exchange is the uptake of oxygen from the environment and the release of carbon dioxide
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Essential conditions for surfaces of gas exchange
It must be moist, thin/permeable, large surface area, rich blood supply and high concentration gradient
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Why are surfaces of gas exchange moist
Essential as the gases need to dissolve to pass through the membrane
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Why are surfaces of gas exchange then impermeable
To make diffusion across the membrane quicker
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Why do surfaces of gas exchange have a high surface area
Provides an increased area for diffusion and molecules to move across the membrane clicker
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Why do surfaces where gas exchange occurs have rich blood supply
Gases can be removed quickly
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Why do services where gas exchangeOccurs have high concentration
Higher the concentration gradient equals faster rate of diffusion
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Where does gas exchange occurs
In the alveoli (lungs) or the gills
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How does gas exchange occur In the lungs
By diffusion between the alveoli and the blood
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How does gas exchange happen in the circulatory system
They go through the arteries then capillaries and veins
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What are capillaries
Fine and allow exchange it materials in and out of the cell
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Why do veins have valves
Valves in veins open to permit the movement of blood towards the heart but close to prevent backflow
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Haemoglobin
Red pigment inside of red blood cells, carry one oxygen molecule, have for polypeptide (polypeptide are amino acids linked together)
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Digestive system
Muscular tube running through the centre of an animal to open things to the outside. Food enters through the mouth is processed as it passes through the tube and nutrients are released into the cells 
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Absorption of nutrients in the small intestine
The lining is moist and then with a rich supply of blood vessels also contain Billy which increases the surface area it’s one Celtic and it facilitates efficient absorption. Furthermore Islam which also makes efficient absorption
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Analyse
Produced in salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine, function, breakdown of carbohydrates into sugars and is located in the mouth or small intestines
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Protease
Produced in the stomach, pancreas, small intestine function, catalyses the breakdown of proteins into amino acids, located in stomach or small intestine
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Lipase
Produced in pancreas, small intestine, function, catalyses the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol, located in small intestine
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Petiole
Stalk of life
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Xylem
Transports water and minerals from the roots
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Phloem
Transports sugars and other organic molecules
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Epidermis
Protects the inner layer of cells
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Waxy cuticle
Reduces evaporation
113
Mesophyll cells
Contain chloroplasts to conduct photosynthesis
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Stomata
Pause or openings in the epidermis flanked by Guard. When the leaf has less water becomes closed and soft, when the leaves gains more water swell and open, usually on the bottom of the leaf, takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen
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Factors affecting transpiration
Light, temperature, wind, humidity
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How does light affect transpiration
Stomata usually open in the light and close in the dark
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How does temperature affect transpiration
An increase in temperature increases the rate of transpiration
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How does wind effect transpiration
Wind increases respiration by the removal of water vapour around the stone metal pole this maintains a concentration gradient for all gases and water vapour
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How does humidity affect transpiration
An increase in humidity causes a decrease in transpiration. This is due to a decreased diffusion gradient between the intercellular spaces in the atmosphere which reduces evaporation
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Movement of water in plants
Water (containing dissolved minerals and ions) enters through the root hairs of land plants, the water movement is in one direction only, this is called the transpiration stream
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Transpiration
Water loss from the plant by evaporation
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Where does most of water absorption occur
Root hairs as water passes from the soil into the root hairs as a result of osmosis
