Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
social research
A
- systemic way to understand the social world
- develops new understands
- driven by social problems and personal experiences
2
Q
4 categories of research
A
- exploratory
- descriptive
- explanatory
- evaluative
3
Q
exploratory research
A
questions about emerging phenomenon
4
Q
descriptive research
A
respond to guiding questions to provide accounts
5
Q
evaluative research
A
asses and improve effectiveness of interventions and policies
6
Q
applied vs basic research
A
finding a solution (applied) vs advancing knowledge (basic)
7
Q
ontology
A
the nature of being of reality
8
Q
middle range theory
A
limited in scope and can be tested directly by gathering empirical evidence
9
Q
grand theories
A
general abstract theory about how entire society works
10
Q
deductive research
A
- hypothesis developed based on theory
- uses common thought
11
Q
inductive research
A
- begins with data collection
- data is gathered to prove a point
12
Q
the research cycle
A
analysis, theory, hypothesis, empirical observations
13
Q
qualitative research
A
- Uses mainly words, images, and non-numerical data (not quantitative)
- Researchers engage in interpretive work
- Determine how people interpret their social world
- Requires unpacking, explaining, etc.
- Often inductive
14
Q
quantitative research
A
- Uses numerical data and statistical analysis
- Often deductive to test theory
- Views data as external and unchangeable
- Usually generalizable
15
Q
objectivity
A
-researchers suspend their own values to study the objective world
16
Q
reflexive ideal
A
- approach that emphasizing context of occurrence changes outcome
- research is not value-free
17
Q
potential ethical issues
A
Non-consent, coercion, deception, harmful acts, privacy, exposure to risk of emotional or psychological harm
18
Q
nuremberg code
A
10 point ethical code to protect consent, provide benefit to research, doing no harm, etc.
19
Q
tuskegee - syphilis experiment
A
-syphilis in african american men not treated as informed
20
Q
belmont report
A
established IRB
21
Q
Common rule
A
The system used currently in the U.S. to protect human participants in research studies; also known as the Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects.
22
Q
3 sources of regulation in common rule
A
- researchers
- government
- professional associations
23
Q
IRB
A
respect for persons, justice, and beneficence
24
Q
6 guidelines of ASA code of ethics
A
- Professional competence
- integrity
- professional and scientific responsibility
- respect for people’s rights, dignity, and diversity
- Social responsibility
- human rights
25
3 types of IRB review
- full review (might pose harm)
- expedited review (limited harm)
- exempt from review
26
informed consent
- freely agree to research with full understanding of all parts involved
- can cause white coat effect
- different over Zoom (verbal)
27
voluntary participation
-no coercing participants
28
core principles of research ethics
- voluntary participation
- minimization of risk to participants
- informed consent to participate
29
reactivity effects
the impact on research participants of knowing that they are being studying resulting in atypical or inauthentic behavior
30
milgram's study of obedience
- tests willingness to obey authority
- deception
- Experimenter (authority), teacher (participant), learner (confederate)
31
covert research
- participants don't know they are being studied
- violates consent and informed participation
- "gang leader for a day"
32
Gang leader for a day
- decade long ethnography of robert taylor holmes
- documented the organization of drug trade
- deceptive
33
positionality
- the way in which the social and structural context impacts a person’s identity, status, perspectives, affecting the amount of power and authority someone holds within interpersonal and institutional interactions
- "On the run"
34
On the Run
- Alice goffman 6 year ethnography of philly neighborhood
| - flawed in privilege, sloppiness, and non-verifiable information
35
With the Best intentions
- Rosner and Markowitz
- Should researchers pursue prevention or harm reduction
- What if harm reduction is politically and economically feasible and prevention is not?
36
research should be
valid, reliable, and generalizable
37
conceptualization
- clarify what a concept means
| - identify definitions
38
nominal definition
an agreed-upon working definition of a concept
39
operationalization
process of moving a concept to a concrete variable
40
operational definition
- how something will be measured in research
| - uses indicators
41
indicators
something that provides evidence or measures a concept
42
levels of measurement
nominal, ordinal, interval, ration
43
interval vs ratio
ratio can accommodate absolute 0
44
mutually exclusive categories
- each case fits into only one response/category
| - ex. religion
45
exhaustive categories
- anticipates and sorts all possible response to a survey item
- ex. political ID, other category
46
types of validity
- internal
- external
- face
- concurrent
- construct
- convergent
- discriminant
47
reliability
- stability over time
- internal
- interobserver
48
representativeness
- a sample that is a microcosm of a population
| - similar in all essential aspects
49
sampling plan development
- elements of study
- generalizibility
- availability of frame
50
probability sampling
- Randomly selected sample
- Equal probability of being selected
- Each unit in the population is known
- Sampling error- not fully representative of a population
51
random sampling
- Random and equal chance of selection
- Ex. phonebook
- Sampling frame
52
Sampling frame
list of all the units in a population from which a sample is to be selected
53
simple random sampling
- Equal chance made at random from sampling frame
- No opportunity for bias
- Participants cannot self select
54
systematic sampling
- Selected directly from sampling frame using a sampling interval
- Ratio of sample size / population size to give interval
- No inherent order or pattern in sample frame
- sampling interval
55
sampling interval
researcher chooses a random starting place then counts every nth element for inclusion
56
stratified random sampling
- Population broke into strata
- Random/systematic sampling selected from each strata
- Proportionate sampling, but need to know about the population
57
multistage cluster sampling
- Used when frame is not available, but researcher can identify a cluster that has a frame
- Units are sampled within the cluster
58
convenience sampling
- used when elements are easy to access
- Effective to sample
- Not a random sample
59
purposive sample
- chooses based on attributes
- not common
- not random
60
snowball sampling
- Researcher makes initial contact with a small group of people then establishes contact with others
- Ex. undocumented immigrants
61
quota sampling
- Relative proportions of people in different categories
- Based on the limited criteria in which research is conducted
- Best non probability research design
- Requires some knowledge of population
62
probability vs. non probability sampling
- probability requires a list
| - non probability requires drawing from a group
63
ways to reduce sampling error
- increase participation
- use random sampling
- weigh results
64
4 features of qualitative study
- inductive
- interpretivism
- constructionism
- naturalism
65
interpretivism
emphasizes people's interpretations of the world
66
Constructionism
social life is the negotiations occurring between people
67
Naturalism
researches minimize disturbances in the social world
68
ethnography
- immersion in a social setting
- Conducted over an extended period
- Observation of behavior
- Interaction with study participants
69
focus groups
- semi structured interviews, several people at the same time
- Might bias data through participation amount
- Shows group dynamics
- Aims to learn about experiences and perceptions
- Shows how social groups make meaning
70
content analysis
examine content and meaning of written texts and documents
71
steps of qualitative research
Step 1: Asking general research question(s).
Step 2: Selecting relevant site(s) and participants.
Step 3: Collecting relevant data.
Step 4: Analyzing data.
Step 5: Conducting conceptual and theoretical work
Step 5a: Refining the research question(s).
Step 5b: Collecting further data.
Step 6: Writing up findings/conclusions
72
coding
-understanding qualitative data in the form of codes
73
grounded theory
- analyze data as it is collected to inform further data collection
- continued until saturation is reached
- disrupts narrative flow (fragmentation)
74
theoretical sampling
data is collected until saturation is reached
75
types of coding
- line by line
- axial
- focused
- open coding
76
analytic memos
- reminders of what categories are
| - link codes
77
CAQDAS
- Computer assisted qualitative data analysis software
| - Fast and quantifiable
78
Hamiltion MRS study
- Studied gender roles
- Greek life, public midwest, moderately selective
- Data evolved over time in a dorm
- Added questions over time
- Deception- research was about “college experience” but was not
- 5x interviewed
- Lack of diversity but showed importance of social class
- Lots of shared characteristics with participants
- College teaches gender lessons that inhibits reaching the same levels of men in jobs
79
quantitative research
- deductive
- objective
- identifying patterned relationships in the social world
- tries to establish causality
80
types of quantitative research
- from surveys
| - content analysis
81
Comte 4 principles of sociology
- positivism
- aggregation
- complexity
- precision
82
steps of qualitative research
```
Step 1: Assess existing theory.
Step 2: Form a hypothesis.
Step 3: Select a research design.
Step 4: Devise measures of concepts.
Step 5: Select research site.
Step 6: Select research participants.
Step 7: Collect data.
Step 8: Process data.
Step 9: Analyze data.
Step 10: Reach conclusions.
Step 11: Write up conclusions.
```
83
Statistical modeling techniques
nominal, ordinal, interval/ratio
84
time organized qualitative study
- cross sectional
| - longitudinal
85
statistic types
- descriptive
| - inferential
86
variable analysis
- univariate
- bivarate
- multivariate
