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research methods > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

social research

A
  • systemic way to understand the social world
  • develops new understands
  • driven by social problems and personal experiences
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2
Q

4 categories of research

A
  • exploratory
  • descriptive
  • explanatory
  • evaluative
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3
Q

exploratory research

A

questions about emerging phenomenon

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4
Q

descriptive research

A

respond to guiding questions to provide accounts

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5
Q

evaluative research

A

asses and improve effectiveness of interventions and policies

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6
Q

applied vs basic research

A

finding a solution (applied) vs advancing knowledge (basic)

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7
Q

ontology

A

the nature of being of reality

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8
Q

middle range theory

A

limited in scope and can be tested directly by gathering empirical evidence

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9
Q

grand theories

A

general abstract theory about how entire society works

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10
Q

deductive research

A
  • hypothesis developed based on theory

- uses common thought

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11
Q

inductive research

A
  • begins with data collection

- data is gathered to prove a point

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12
Q

the research cycle

A

analysis, theory, hypothesis, empirical observations

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13
Q

qualitative research

A
  • Uses mainly words, images, and non-numerical data (not quantitative)
  • Researchers engage in interpretive work
  • Determine how people interpret their social world
  • Requires unpacking, explaining, etc.
  • Often inductive
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14
Q

quantitative research

A
  • Uses numerical data and statistical analysis
  • Often deductive to test theory
  • Views data as external and unchangeable
  • Usually generalizable
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15
Q

objectivity

A

-researchers suspend their own values to study the objective world

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16
Q

reflexive ideal

A
  • approach that emphasizing context of occurrence changes outcome
  • research is not value-free
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17
Q

potential ethical issues

A

Non-consent, coercion, deception, harmful acts, privacy, exposure to risk of emotional or psychological harm

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18
Q

nuremberg code

A

10 point ethical code to protect consent, provide benefit to research, doing no harm, etc.

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19
Q

tuskegee - syphilis experiment

A

-syphilis in african american men not treated as informed

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20
Q

belmont report

A

established IRB

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21
Q

Common rule

A

The system used currently in the U.S. to protect human participants in research studies; also known as the Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects.

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22
Q

3 sources of regulation in common rule

A
  • researchers
  • government
  • professional associations
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23
Q

IRB

A

respect for persons, justice, and beneficence

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24
Q

6 guidelines of ASA code of ethics

A
  1. Professional competence
  2. integrity
  3. professional and scientific responsibility
  4. respect for people’s rights, dignity, and diversity
  5. Social responsibility
  6. human rights
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25
Q

3 types of IRB review

A
  • full review (might pose harm)
  • expedited review (limited harm)
  • exempt from review
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26
Q

informed consent

A
  • freely agree to research with full understanding of all parts involved
  • can cause white coat effect
  • different over Zoom (verbal)
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27
Q

voluntary participation

A

-no coercing participants

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28
Q

core principles of research ethics

A
  • voluntary participation
  • minimization of risk to participants
  • informed consent to participate
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29
Q

reactivity effects

A

the impact on research participants of knowing that they are being studying resulting in atypical or inauthentic behavior

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30
Q

milgram’s study of obedience

A
  • tests willingness to obey authority
  • deception
  • Experimenter (authority), teacher (participant), learner (confederate)
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31
Q

covert research

A
  • participants don’t know they are being studied
  • violates consent and informed participation
  • “gang leader for a day”
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32
Q

Gang leader for a day

A
  • decade long ethnography of robert taylor holmes
  • documented the organization of drug trade
  • deceptive
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33
Q

positionality

A
  • the way in which the social and structural context impacts a person’s identity, status, perspectives, affecting the amount of power and authority someone holds within interpersonal and institutional interactions
  • “On the run”
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34
Q

On the Run

A
  • Alice goffman 6 year ethnography of philly neighborhood

- flawed in privilege, sloppiness, and non-verifiable information

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35
Q

With the Best intentions

A
  • Rosner and Markowitz
  • Should researchers pursue prevention or harm reduction
  • What if harm reduction is politically and economically feasible and prevention is not?
36
Q

research should be

A

valid, reliable, and generalizable

37
Q

conceptualization

A
  • clarify what a concept means

- identify definitions

38
Q

nominal definition

A

an agreed-upon working definition of a concept

39
Q

operationalization

A

process of moving a concept to a concrete variable

40
Q

operational definition

A
  • how something will be measured in research

- uses indicators

41
Q

indicators

A

something that provides evidence or measures a concept

42
Q

levels of measurement

A

nominal, ordinal, interval, ration

43
Q

interval vs ratio

A

ratio can accommodate absolute 0

44
Q

mutually exclusive categories

A
  • each case fits into only one response/category

- ex. religion

45
Q

exhaustive categories

A
  • anticipates and sorts all possible response to a survey item
  • ex. political ID, other category
46
Q

types of validity

A
  • internal
  • external
  • face
  • concurrent
  • construct
  • convergent
  • discriminant
47
Q

reliability

A
  • stability over time
  • internal
  • interobserver
48
Q

representativeness

A
  • a sample that is a microcosm of a population

- similar in all essential aspects

49
Q

sampling plan development

A
  • elements of study
  • generalizibility
  • availability of frame
50
Q

probability sampling

A
  • Randomly selected sample
  • Equal probability of being selected
  • Each unit in the population is known
  • Sampling error- not fully representative of a population
51
Q

random sampling

A
  • Random and equal chance of selection
  • Ex. phonebook
  • Sampling frame
52
Q

Sampling frame

A

list of all the units in a population from which a sample is to be selected

53
Q

simple random sampling

A
  • Equal chance made at random from sampling frame
  • No opportunity for bias
  • Participants cannot self select
54
Q

systematic sampling

A
  • Selected directly from sampling frame using a sampling interval
  • Ratio of sample size / population size to give interval
  • No inherent order or pattern in sample frame
  • sampling interval
55
Q

sampling interval

A

researcher chooses a random starting place then counts every nth element for inclusion

56
Q

stratified random sampling

A
  • Population broke into strata
  • Random/systematic sampling selected from each strata
  • Proportionate sampling, but need to know about the population
57
Q

multistage cluster sampling

A
  • Used when frame is not available, but researcher can identify a cluster that has a frame
  • Units are sampled within the cluster
58
Q

convenience sampling

A
  • used when elements are easy to access
  • Effective to sample
  • Not a random sample
59
Q

purposive sample

A
  • chooses based on attributes
  • not common
  • not random
60
Q

snowball sampling

A
  • Researcher makes initial contact with a small group of people then establishes contact with others
  • Ex. undocumented immigrants
61
Q

quota sampling

A
  • Relative proportions of people in different categories
  • Based on the limited criteria in which research is conducted
  • Best non probability research design
  • Requires some knowledge of population
62
Q

probability vs. non probability sampling

A
  • probability requires a list

- non probability requires drawing from a group

63
Q

ways to reduce sampling error

A
  • increase participation
  • use random sampling
  • weigh results
64
Q

4 features of qualitative study

A
  • inductive
  • interpretivism
  • constructionism
  • naturalism
65
Q

interpretivism

A

emphasizes people’s interpretations of the world

66
Q

Constructionism

A

social life is the negotiations occurring between people

67
Q

Naturalism

A

researches minimize disturbances in the social world

68
Q

ethnography

A
  • immersion in a social setting
  • Conducted over an extended period
  • Observation of behavior
  • Interaction with study participants
69
Q

focus groups

A
  • semi structured interviews, several people at the same time
  • Might bias data through participation amount
  • Shows group dynamics
  • Aims to learn about experiences and perceptions
  • Shows how social groups make meaning
70
Q

content analysis

A

examine content and meaning of written texts and documents

71
Q

steps of qualitative research

A

Step 1: Asking general research question(s).
Step 2: Selecting relevant site(s) and participants.
Step 3: Collecting relevant data.
Step 4: Analyzing data.
Step 5: Conducting conceptual and theoretical work
Step 5a: Refining the research question(s).
Step 5b: Collecting further data.
Step 6: Writing up findings/conclusions

72
Q

coding

A

-understanding qualitative data in the form of codes

73
Q

grounded theory

A
  • analyze data as it is collected to inform further data collection
  • continued until saturation is reached
  • disrupts narrative flow (fragmentation)
74
Q

theoretical sampling

A

data is collected until saturation is reached

75
Q

types of coding

A
  • line by line
  • axial
  • focused
  • open coding
76
Q

analytic memos

A
  • reminders of what categories are

- link codes

77
Q

CAQDAS

A
  • Computer assisted qualitative data analysis software

- Fast and quantifiable

78
Q

Hamiltion MRS study

A
  • Studied gender roles
  • Greek life, public midwest, moderately selective
  • Data evolved over time in a dorm
  • Added questions over time
  • Deception- research was about “college experience” but was not
  • 5x interviewed
  • Lack of diversity but showed importance of social class
  • Lots of shared characteristics with participants
  • College teaches gender lessons that inhibits reaching the same levels of men in jobs
79
Q

quantitative research

A
  • deductive
  • objective
  • identifying patterned relationships in the social world
  • tries to establish causality
80
Q

types of quantitative research

A
  • from surveys

- content analysis

81
Q

Comte 4 principles of sociology

A
  • positivism
  • aggregation
  • complexity
  • precision
82
Q

steps of qualitative research

A 
Step 1: Assess existing theory.
Step 2: Form a hypothesis.
Step 3: Select a research design.
Step 4: Devise measures of concepts.
Step 5: Select research site.
Step 6: Select research participants.
Step 7: Collect data.
Step 8: Process data.
Step 9: Analyze data.
Step 10: Reach conclusions.
Step 11: Write up conclusions.
83
Q

Statistical modeling techniques

A

nominal, ordinal, interval/ratio

84
Q

time organized qualitative study

A
  • cross sectional

- longitudinal

85
Q

statistic types

A
  • descriptive

- inferential

86
Q

variable analysis

A
  • univariate
  • bivarate
  • multivariate

research methods (2 decks)

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