Unit 1 Flashcards
Whats in a name?
Colonial histories and power dynamics
Accepted Terms
- indigenous, first nations, metis, inuit, aboriginal
Non commonly accepted
indian, native, eskimo
Never use names
- redskin, savage, half breed, heathen, indian giver, spirit animal, tribe, pow wow
- 15th century indian by christopher columbus assumed to arrive to asia
When did the indian act come to power?
1876; colonial laws aimed to eliminate first nations culture in favour to assimilation into euro Canadian society
Year of 1982
Constitution Act – Aboriginal – term used Section 35 of the Canadian constitution as definition of Indigenous peoples (used in Australia as well, not USA)
Year of 1970-80
First Nations – not legal definition, ethnicity, neither Inuit or Metis
Year of 1970s
Indigenous – UN term, peoples of long settlement and connection to specific lands
How many people in canada self indentify as an indigenous person?
1.67 million people in Canada (4.9% of the population of Canada)
Indigenous Cultures: Languages
70 distinct Indigenous languages in Canada, falling into 12 separate language families.
Indigenous cultures include
- language
- practices
- ceremonies/rituals
- art/design/songs/food
- story telling/oral histories
- child rearing
- cultural norms and customs
- health and healing
- ways of knowing
What idea are indigenous worldviews centered?
Interconnectedness
interconnected
- the present, past, and future; all people and all of creation; individuals and their kin; and within oneself, the spirit, heart, body, and mind.
- Many Indigenous cultures focus on teachings from the circle, which represents connection and balance within a system of ongoing change
Visible Cultural Expressions: Smudging
- Indigenous ceremony, passed down through generations
– Burning of sacred medicines (sage, tobacco, cedar, sweetgrass)
– Used to purify the body, mind, and space
• Cleanses any negative energy and emotions
• Voluntary
• Can be done anywhere and /or as a part of a variety of gatherings
Theories in Practice
- Colonialism and the impacts
- Postcolonialism
- Models of Health
- Decolonization
- Colonialism and Decolonization of Nursing practice
What is Colonialism?
- Colonization, or colonisation refers to large-scale population movements where the migrants maintain strong links with their—or their ancestors’— former country, gaining significant privileges over other inhabitants of the territory by such links.
settler colonialism
- When colonization takes place under the protection of colonial structures
- This often involves the settlers dispossessing indigenous inhabitants, or instituting legal and other structures which systematically disadvantage them.
Colonization Definition
as the process of establishing foreign control over target territories or people for the purpose of cultivation, often through establishing colonies and possibly by settling them.
Postcolonism Field of Study:
of the cultural, political and economic legacy of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the human consequences of the control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands
Postcolonialism Era
18th to 20th century, Western colonialism
Postcolonialism Anthropology
defines it as the relationship between
European nations and areas they colonized and once ruled
Postcolonialism Themes
the negotiation of two identities – the split consciousness of being both, yet neither completely; multiple identities or solidarities
Milestones
1948 - Canadian Dr. Brock Chisholm was elected as the first Director-General of the World Health Organization
– Mandatory public health measures
– Development of ‘social safety net’
1969 – Medical Care Act aka: Canada Health Act
1972 – ParticipACTION
1974 – Lalonde Report – Canada as world leader; away from victim blaming for health outcome – 1978 HP Directorate, 1979 UoT Health Promotion
1986 – Ottawa Charter Health Promotion Practice
1997 – Jakarta Declaration – Poverty as the greatest threat to health 2000 – Social Medial – challenges and opportunities
2020 – COVID-19 = Mis/Disinformation !!!!
Decolonization
refers to the process of deconstructing (not an outcome) colonial ideologies of the superiority and privilege of Western thoughts and approaches.
Decolonization involves
- dismantling structures that perpetuate the status quo, problematizing dominant discourses, and addressing unbalanced power dynamics.
- decolonization involves valuing and revitalizing Indigenous knowledge and approaches and weeding out settler biases or assumptions that have impacted Indigenous ways of being.
Decolonization necessitates
shifting our frames of reference with regard to the knowledge we hold; examining how we have arrived at such knowledge; and considering what we need to do to change misconceptions, prejudice, and assumptions about Indigenous Peoples.
Examples of systemic racism in action
Denial
• Not talking about racism
• Ignoring, turning a cheek
• A form of gaslighting
TRC report 2015
– Commission activities – The history – The legacy – The challenge of reconciliation – Calls to Action
Reconciliation starts with?
Starts with the TRUTH
– Requires education and at times, “unlearning”
Reconciliation Definition
“the re-establishment of a conciliatory state”
– “is similar to dealing with a situation of family violence. It’s about coming to terms with events of the past in a manner that overcomes conflict and establishes a respectful and healthy relationship among people, going forward.” (p. 6)
– To the Commission, reconciliation is about establishing and maintaining a mutually respectful relationship between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples in this country. In order for that to happen, there has to be awareness of the past, acknowledgement of the harm that has been inflicted, atonement for the causes, and action to change behaviour.” (p.6-7)
TRC MANDATE WHO
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC) was created through a legal settlement between Residential Schools Survivors, the Assembly of First Nations, Inuit representatives and the parties responsible for creation and operation of the schools: the federal government and the church bodies
TRC MANDATE WHAT
The TRC’s mandate was to inform all Canadians about what happened in residential schools. The TRC documented the truth of Survivors, their families, communities and anyone personally affected by the residential school experience. This included First Nations, Inuit and Métis former residential school students, their families, communities, the churches, former school employees, government officials and other Canadians
Post colonial feminist literature in nursing
- aims to hear the voices of all marginalized subjects
Expose unequal distribution of power
• Intersectionality
– Oppression does not operate independently
– Marker of oppression: culture, disability, ethnicity, gender, immigrant status, sexual orientation, race (synergies)
Eqaulity
- assumption is that everyone benefits from the same supports; this is equal treatement
Equity
- everyone gets the supports they need; this is the concept of affirmative action; this is equal treatment
Justice
- all 3 can see the game without supports or accommodations because the cause(s) of the inequity was addressed; systemic barrier has been removed
Racism
Barrier to health equity
• Nursing culture, values, teaching, mentoring, hiring process, clinical practice, clients, societal (outside work)
• Institutionalized – law, gov, edu, healthcare
• Ex: textbooks with white bodies
White privilege
Individual
• Systemic /structural
• Truth – what privilege looks like
• Ex. teaching Nightingale and missionaries in SA, instead of local nursing professionals
White privilege in nursing profession looks like
seek health care = encounter a practitioner of my own race • read health promotion literature = can be pretty sure that many, if not most, of the faces in the pamphlets will reflect my skin color • special bandages, splints, or prosthesis = the color of the materials used will reflect my skin color • nursing professional association meetings = most of the persons in positions of importance and decision making are persons of my race • nursing practice in a hospital or in the community = govern workplace my race • lobby my local or national political representatives about a health related issue = my race education in nursing at the baccalaureate, masters or doctoral level= most of my professors will be persons of my race • not hired for a nursing position = I don’t question whether my race was a possible reason for rejection • In my nursing class about the historical influences on health, when I speak up about the discrimination and near starvation of Irish people, at the hands of the British in the potato famine in the mid 1800s, I can be pretty sure that I will not be accused of making an issue of something that is long past and no longer worth dwelling on, or of ‘taking things too seriously’ • As a student, when I go to the clinical skills lab, I can be pretty sure that the demonstration models will reflect my skin color
94 calls of action target:
Recommendations are directed at: • F/P/Ts, municipal and Indigenous government • Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities • Post-secondary institutions • Healthcare institutions • Faith-based institutions • Media organizations and • Members of the corporate sector
What
