unit 1 Flashcards
Study of Structure
Anatomy
The Study of function
Physiology
Ways to examine structure of human body
- Inspection
- Palpation
- Auscultation
- Percussion
- Dissection
- Exploratory Surgery
- Medical Imaging
- Histology
- Histopathology
- Cytology
Comparative Physiology
the study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction
Inspection
Looking at body’s appearance
Palpation
Feeling a structure with the hands
Auscultation
Listening to the natural sounds made by the body
Percussion
the examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance, and listens to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities
Histopathology
microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease
Hippocrates
the father of medicine
Claudius Galen
wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era
William Harvey and Michael Servetus
the first Western scientists to realize that blood must circulate continuously around the body, from the heart to the other organs and back to the heart again
Robert Hooke
designed scientific instruments of various kinds, including the compound microscope.
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
invented a simple (single-lens) microscope
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
concluded that all organisms were composed of cells
inductive method
a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them
Hypothesis
An educated guess
Sample Size
number of subjects (animals or people) used in a study
Placebo
a substance with no significant physiological effect on the body
Fact
information that can be independently verified
Law of nature
generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave
Theory
an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses
Evolution
change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms
natural selection
individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors—for example, better camouflage, disease resistance, or ability to attract mates—that enable them to produce more offspring
selection pressures
climate, predators, disease, competition, and food
Adaptation
features of anatomy, physiology, and behavior that evolve in response to these selection pressures and enable an organism to cope with the challenges of its environment.
Organism
composed of organ systems
Organ system
group of organs with a unique collective function
Organs
a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function
tissues
mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function.
cells
smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life;
organelles
microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions
molecules
composed of atoms
Types of tissue
epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular
Reductionism
The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components
Holism
theory that there are “emergent properties” of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of its separate parts—human beings are more than the sum of their parts.
properties that help to distinguish living from nonliving things
- Organization
- Cellular composition
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness and movement
- Homeostasis
- Development
- Reproduction
- Evolution
Differentiation
transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task
Homeostasis
he body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions.
negative feedback
a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it.
negative feedback
key mechanism for maintaining health
example of negative feedback
regulation of blood glucose
vasodilation
widening of blood vessels.
Receptor
a structure that senses a change in the body
integrating center
mechanism that processes this information, relates it to other available information (for example, comparing what the blood pressure is with what it should be), and makes a decision about what the appropriate response should be.
effector
cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action
Positive feedback
a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction
Gradient
difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another
prone
lying down
supine
lying face up
sagittal plane
passes vertically through the body or an organ and divides it into right and left portions
median (midsagittal) plane
sagittal plane that divides the body or organ into equal halves
frontal (coronal) plane
extends vertically, but it is perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
transverse plane
passes across the body or an organ perpendicular to its long axis; it divides the body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
ventral
toward the front
dorsal
toward back or spine
anterior
toward ventral side
posterior
toward dorsal side
Systems of protection, support, and movement
Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Systems of internal communication and control
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Systems of fluid transport
Circulatory system
Lymphatic system
Systems of intake and output
Respiratory system
Urinary system
Digestive system
Systems of reproduction
Male reproductive system
Female reproductive system
