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A&P 1 > unit 1 > Flashcards

unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of Structure

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

The Study of function

A

Physiology

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3
Q

Ways to examine structure of human body

A
  1. Inspection
  2. Palpation
  3. Auscultation
  4. Percussion
  5. Dissection
  6. Exploratory Surgery
  7. Medical Imaging
  8. Histology
  9. Histopathology
  10. Cytology
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4
Q

Comparative Physiology

A

the study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction

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5
Q

Inspection

A

Looking at body’s appearance

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6
Q

Palpation

A

Feeling a structure with the hands

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7
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening to the natural sounds made by the body

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8
Q

Percussion

A

the examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance, and listens to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities

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9
Q

Histopathology

A

microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

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10
Q

Hippocrates

A

the father of medicine

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11
Q

Claudius Galen

A

wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era

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12
Q

William Harvey and Michael Servetus

A

the first Western scientists to realize that blood must circulate continuously around the body, from the heart to the other organs and back to the heart again

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13
Q

Robert Hooke

A

designed scientific instruments of various kinds, including the compound microscope.

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14
Q

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

A

invented a simple (single-lens) microscope

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15
Q

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

A

concluded that all organisms were composed of cells

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16
Q

inductive method

A

a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them

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17
Q

Hypothesis

A

An educated guess

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18
Q

Sample Size

A

number of subjects (animals or people) used in a study

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19
Q

Placebo

A

a substance with no significant physiological effect on the body

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20
Q

Fact

A

information that can be independently verified

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21
Q

Law of nature

A

generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave

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22
Q

Theory

A

an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses

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23
Q

Evolution

A

change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms

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24
Q

natural selection

A

individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors—for example, better camouflage, disease resistance, or ability to attract mates—that enable them to produce more offspring

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25
Q

selection pressures

A

climate, predators, disease, competition, and food

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26
Q

Adaptation

A

features of anatomy, physiology, and behavior that evolve in response to these selection pressures and enable an organism to cope with the challenges of its environment.

27
Q

Organism

A

composed of organ systems

28
Q

Organ system

A

group of organs with a unique collective function

29
Q

Organs

A

a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function

30
Q

tissues

A

mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function.

31
Q

cells

A

smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life;

32
Q

organelles

A

microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions

33
Q

molecules

A

composed of atoms

34
Q

Types of tissue

A

epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular

35
Q

Reductionism

A

The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components

36
Q

Holism

A

theory that there are “emergent properties” of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of its separate parts—human beings are more than the sum of their parts.

37
Q

properties that help to distinguish living from nonliving things

A
  1. Organization
  2. Cellular composition
  3. Metabolism
  4. Responsiveness and movement
  5. Homeostasis
  6. Development
  7. Reproduction
  8. Evolution
38
Q

Differentiation

A

transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task

39
Q

Homeostasis

A

he body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions.

40
Q

negative feedback

A

a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it.

41
Q

negative feedback

A

key mechanism for maintaining health

42
Q

example of negative feedback

A

regulation of blood glucose

43
Q

vasodilation

A

widening of blood vessels.

44
Q

Receptor

A

a structure that senses a change in the body

45
Q

integrating center

A

mechanism that processes this information, relates it to other available information (for example, comparing what the blood pressure is with what it should be), and makes a decision about what the appropriate response should be.

46
Q

effector

A

cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action

47
Q

Positive feedback

A

a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction

48
Q

Gradient

A

difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another

49
Q

prone

A

lying down

50
Q

supine

A

lying face up

51
Q

sagittal plane

A

passes vertically through the body or an organ and divides it into right and left portions

52
Q

median (midsagittal) plane

A

sagittal plane that divides the body or organ into equal halves

53
Q

frontal (coronal) plane

A

extends vertically, but it is perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

54
Q

transverse plane

A

passes across the body or an organ perpendicular to its long axis; it divides the body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

55
Q

ventral

A

toward the front

56
Q

dorsal

A

toward back or spine

57
Q

anterior

A

toward ventral side

58
Q

posterior

A

toward dorsal side

59
Q

Systems of protection, support, and movement

A

Integumentary system

Skeletal system

Muscular system

60
Q

Systems of internal communication and control

A

Nervous system

Endocrine system

61
Q

Systems of fluid transport

A

Circulatory system

Lymphatic system

62
Q

Systems of intake and output

A

Respiratory system

Urinary system

Digestive system

63
Q

Systems of reproduction

A

Male reproductive system

Female reproductive system

A&P 1 (1 decks)

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