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Higher Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the 4 bases in DNA

A

Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

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2
Q

How are the bases paired

A

(A,T) (C,G)

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3
Q

What is the shape of a DNA molecule

A

DNA molecule consists of 2 strands that wind around one another to form a shape as a double helix

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4
Q

What are nucleotides in a chain joined together by

A

Sugar-phosphate bond

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5
Q

Why are nucleotides in a chain joined together by a sugar-phosphate bond

A

To make long chains of nucleotides- called polynucleotides

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6
Q

What are polynucleotides joined together to the bases with

A

Hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

Why is the double helix described as having two anti-parallel chains of nucleotides

A

One side goes from 5’ to 3’ and the opposite side goes from 3’ to 5’

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8
Q

What is DNA composed by

A

Two polynucleotide chains

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9
Q

What does nucleotides consist of

A

A sugar-phosphate and base

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10
Q

Why do nucleotides bond

A

To form a sugar-phosphate back bone

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11
Q

What are the nucleic acid bases paired by

A

Hydrogen bonding in the centre to form a double helix

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12
Q

What does a nucleus of a cell contain

A

Chromosomes, which are composed of genes made of DNA

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13
Q

What does DNA Carry

A

Genetic info for making protein

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14
Q

What Is required in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

DNA polymerase, template strand and prime

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15
Q

Stage of aerobic respiration, it’s site and an event which occurs during that stage

A

Citric acid cycle, matrix of mitochondrion, carbon dioxide is released

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16
Q

Name the molecules in an RNA nucleotide

A

deoxyribose in DNA attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base.

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17
Q

Name the type of bond on the backbone of the RNA molecule

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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18
Q

Describe 3 differences between RNA and DNA molecules

A

RNA is single stranded while DNA is double stranded, RNA contains uracil while DNA contains thymine, RNA has the sugar ribose while DNA has the sugar deoxyribose

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19
Q

State what mRNA is and describe its role

A

mRNA is a single-stranded molecule that carries genetic code from DNA in a cell’s nucleus to ribosomes, the cell’s protein-making machinery.

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20
Q

State what tRNA is and describe its role

A

(tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein

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21
Q

State the location of transcription

A

In the nucleus

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22
Q

Describe the process of transcription

A

Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).

23
Q

What are metabolic pathways

A

Metabolic pathways are integrated and controlled pathways of enzyme catalysed reactions within a cell

24
Q

What can metabolic pathways have

A

Reversible steps, irreversible steps and alternative routes

25
Q

Reactions in metabolic pathways can be

A

Anabolic or catabolic

26
Q

What do anabolic reactions do

A

They build up large molecules from smaller molecules and require energy

27
Q

What do catabolic reactions do

A

They breakdown large molecules into smaller molecules and release energy

28
Q

What are protein pores, pumps and enzymes embedded in

A

Membranes

29
Q

What are metabolic pathways controlled by

A

The presence or absence of particular enzymes and the regulation of the rate of reaction of key enzymes

30
Q

When does induced fit occur

A

When the active site changes shape to better fit the substrate after the substrate binds

31
Q

What do competitive enzymes bind to

A

The active site

32
Q

Why do competitive inhibitors bind to the active site

A

To prevent the substrate from binding

33
Q

What is the cell membrane

A

It is the boundary that separates the internal contents of the cell from its external surroundings

34
Q

What does the membrane do

A

The membrane regulates the flow of materials into and out the cell

35
Q

What are cell organelles bounded by

A

Membranes

36
Q

Meaning of catabolic pathways

A

Catabolic pathways are those that generate energy by breaking down larger molecules.

37
Q

The meaning of anabolic pathways

A

Anabolic pathways are those that require energy to synthesize larger molecules.

38
Q

Give example of catabolic reactions

A

An example of a catabolic reaction is the process of food digestion

39
Q

Example of anabolic reactions

A

An example of an anabolic reaction is the synthesis of glycogen from glucose

40
Q

Give example of a metabolic reactions which is reversible

A

Glycolysis results in the breakdown of glucose, but several reactions in the glycolysis pathway are reversible and participate in the re-synthesis of glucose

41
Q

Give an example of an alternative route for a metabolic pathway

A

Sorbitol

42
Q

What do membranes form surfaces and compartments for metabolic pathways

A

To localise metabolism

43
Q

Describe the functions of membrane proteins to include protein pores, pumps and enzymes

A

Transport proteins, enzymes, receptors, recognition proteins and joining proteins.

44
Q

Why enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

A

Enzymes generally lower activation energy by reducing the energy needed for reactants to come together and react.

45
Q

Why the induced fit model of enzyme action in terms of enzyme shape and binding the active site

A

The induced fit model states an substrate binds to an active site and both change shape slightly, creating an ideal fit for catalysis.

46
Q

What’s the effect of increasing substrate concentration on enzyme activity

A

an increase in substrate concentration leads to an increase in the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

47
Q

What’s the effect of increasing end product concentration on the rate of enzyme reaction

A

increase the rate of the reaction.

48
Q

What’s an example of enzymes that work in groups or multi enzyme complexes

A

the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)

49
Q

State that enzymes activity can be controlled by inhibitors

A

By binding to enzymes’ active sites, inhibitors reduce the compatibility of substrate and enzyme and this leads to the inhibition of Enzyme-Substrate complexes

50
Q

What is competitive inhibitors

A

The competitive inhibitor binds to the active site and prevents the substrate from binding there

51
Q

What is non competitive inhibitors

A

The noncompetitive inhibitor binds to a different site on the enzyme

52
Q

What is respiration

A

the act or process of breathing : the inhaling of oxygen and the exhaling of carbon dioxide. 2 :the process by which cells use oxygen to break down sugar and obtain energy

53
Q

The rate of respiration is

A

Higher with glucose than with lactose

Higher Biology (3 decks)

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