Unit 1 - Flashcards
4 Types Of Development:
Physical Development - Growth & Physical Changes.
Intellectual Development- Development Of Memory And Thinking Skills.
Emotional Development - Ability To Cope With Feelings (Yourself & Others).
Social Development - Ability to form friendships And Relationships.
Gross And Fine Motor Skills:
Gross - Large Movements That Involve Larger Muscles. (Arms, Legs, Hands And Feet).
Fine - Smaller Movements That Require More Precise Direction. (Fingers And Hand).
Gross And Fine Motor Skills 0-2 (Infancy):
Gross -
Grasping, Control Of Head, Roll Over, Crawls, Stand, Walk, Climb And Jump.
Fine-
Hold Thumb, Open Hand, Hold Object, Move Objects From Hand To Hand, Turn Pages, use Spoon And Fork.
Gross And Fine Motor Skills 3-8 (Early Childhood):
Gross - Pedal A Tricycle, Balance On One Foot, Kick And Throw Large Ball, Hop, Skip, Ride A Bicycle, Participate In Sports And Activities.
Fine - Write/Copy Letters, Dress And Undress By Themselves, Tie Shoelaces, Draw Detailed Picture.
Physical Development In 9-18 (Adolescence):
Puberty Takes Place - Rapid Change And Growth In Males And Females.
Girls - Start Around 11-13 Years.
Boys - Start Around 13-15 years.
Primary And Secondary Sexual Characteristics - Female:
Primary - Menstruations Begins, Uterus And Vagina Grow, Ovulation Occurs.
Secondary - Growth Of Armpit And Pubic Hair, Breasts Enlarge, Growth Spurt, Hips Widen.
Primary And Secondary Sexual Characteristics - Male:
Primary - Penis Enlarges, Prostate Gland Produces Secretions, Testes Enlarge And Produce Sperm.
Secondary - Growth Of Facial Hair, Growth Of Armpit Chest And Pubic Hair, Increased Muscles, Growth Spurt, Larynx Grows (Voice deepens).
Physical Development In 19-45 (Middle Adulthood):
Reach Physical Maturation - Physical Strength And Stamina Is At It’s Peak, Sexual Characteristics Are Fully Developed, Hand-Eye Coordination Is At It’s Peak, Women At Their Most Fertile, Reaction Time At It’s Quickest, Full Height Is Reached.
Perimenopause - Oestrogen Decreases, Ovulation Is Irregular, Menstruation Becomes Less Frequent.
Symptoms Of Perimenopause - Hot Flushes, Night Sweats, Mood Swings, Loss Of Libido, Vaginal Dryness.
Piaget’s Theory:
Piaget Believed That Children Pass Through Distinct Development Stages In Sequence. He Thought That Children Should Be Allowed To Discover Things For Themselves Through Spontaneous Play.
Children Think Differently To Adults.
Piaget’s Development Stages:
Sensorimotor - 0-2 Years, Infants Learn About Their Environment And Develop Early Schemas (Concepts) By Using All Their Senses To Physically Explore The World.
Piaget’s Development Stages:
Pre - Operational - 2-7 Years, Children Begin To Control Their Environment By Using Symbolic Behavior, Including representational Words And Drawings And Pretend Play, But Are Not Yet Able To Think Logically.
Piaget’s Development Stages:
Concrete Operations - 7-11 Years, Children Use Practical Resources To Help Them To Understand The World, Such As Counters For Mathematics. They Classify, Categories And Use Logic To Understand Things They See.
Piaget’s Development Stages:
Formal Operations - 11-18 Years, Young People Have The Capacity For Abstract Thought, Rational Thought And Problem Solving.
Piaget’s Schematic Development Theory:
Assimilation - The Child Constructs An Understanding Or Concept. (Schema)
Piaget’s Schematic Development Theory:
Equilibrium - The Child’s Experience Fits With Their Schema.
Piaget’s Schematic Development Theory:
Disequilibrium - A New Experience Disturbs The Child’s Schema.
Piaget’s Schematic Development Theory:
Accommodation - The Child’s Understanding (Schema) Changes To Take Account Of The New Experience.
Piaget How Children Think:
1 - Shown Two Identical Glasses With The Same Amount Of Water In Each.
2 - The Water From One Glass Is Poured Into A Tall, Narrow Beaker.
3 - The Child Believes That The Tall, Narrow Beaker Contains More Water.
Criticisms Of Piaget:
- Piaget Sometimes Underestimated Children’s Rate Of Development.
- With Support, Children Can Develop More Advanced Concepts.
- Children Can Be Given Experiences That Help Them Move Through The Stages At A Faster Rate.
- Some Children Can See Things From The Perspective Of Others Before The Age Of 7.
Criticisms Of Piaget’s Stages:
Some Believe That Piaget Underestimated Children’s Development And That With Support They Can Move More Quickly To The Next Stage Of Development.
Language Development:
Language Development Involves Communication Through Articulation (Speech) And Receptive Speech (Understanding).
Stages Of Language Development:
Infancy -
0-3 Months - Makes Mouth Movements, Cries To Ask For Food Or Comfort.
6-12 Months - Understands Some Words Such As ‘Bye-Bye’, Makes Sounds Such As ‘Gaga’.
18 Months - Can Say Between Six And Ten Words, Follow Simple Instructions.
Stages Of Language Development:
Early Childhood -
2-3 Years - Links Words Together ‘Me Car’, Vocabulary Increasing To Approximately 200 Words at 2 And A Half.
3-5 Years - Uses Simple Sentences, Asks Questions, May Use Incorrect Forms Of Words ‘I Good’.
