Unit 1 Flashcards
Physiology
Study of the function of the human body
Anatomy
Study of the structure of the human body
Embryology
First 8 weeks of development
Developmental Biology
All stages of development
Cell Biology
Cell structure and functions
Histology
Microscopic structure of tissues
Surface Anatomy
Surface markings of the body observed through visualization and palpation
Gross Anatomy
Structures viewed without a microscope
System Anatomy
Structures of specific systems
Regional Anatomy
structures of specific regions of the body
Radiographic Anatomy
Structures viewed with CT, X-ray, or MRI
Pathological Anatomy
Structural changes with disease
Neurophysiology
Functional properties of nerve cells
Endocrinology
Hormones and how they control function within the body
Cardiovascular Physiology
Function of the heart and blood vessels
Immunology
How the body defends itself against disease carrying bodies
Respiratory Physiology
Function of air passageways and lungs
Renal Physiology
Functions of the kidney
Exercise Physiology
Change within cell of organ function caused by a change in muscular activity
Pathophysiology
changes in fucntion associated with disease and aging
Atom
Smallest level of organization
Ex: Oxygen
Molecule
2nd smallest level of organization
Ex: Dioxide
Macromolecule
3rd smallest level of organization within the human body.
Ex: Phosolipids
Cell
4th smallest level of organization
Ex: Clara Cell
Tissue
4th biggest level of organization
Ex: Epithelial tissue
Organ
3rd largest level of organizat
Organ System
2nd largest of the levels of organization
Ex: heart
Organ System
2nd largest of the levels of organization
Ex: heart
Organism
Largest level of organozatopm o
Describe Anatomical Position
Facing forwards, feet together, arms to the
Superior ——> Inferior
Superior is upwards amd Omderra
Cranial ——> Caudal
Cranial is towards the head
Caudal is towards the tail bone
Posterior (Dorsal)——> Anterior (ventral)
Posterior is towards the back
Anterior is towards the front.
Medial ——>Lateral
Medial is towards the midline of the body
Cardinal Planes
Coronal = Frontal Horizontal = Transverse = Axial Sagittal = horizontal
Proximal——–>Distal
Used only for limbs
Proximal = towards point of attachment
Distal = further from the point of attachment
Sagittal Plane
Midsagittal = divides human body down the middle Parasagittal = planes parallel to midsagittal plane
Dorsal Cavity
Encompasses the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity (holds the brain and spinal cord)
Ventral Cavity
Comprises the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Thoracic Cavity
Encompasses most of the major organs.
Abdominal Pelvic Cavity
Has 4 quadrants and 9 regions
The body systems
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Lymphatic Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive
Integumentary System
Comprises of the skin
Dermis, epidermis, hypodermic tissue
Protection against invaders and temperature and fluid balance
Skeletal System
Protection of organs and stabilizing the body
regulating the levels of mineral calcium in blood
axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton
Axial Skeleton
skull, vertebral column, 12 paired ribs, sternum
Appendicular Skeleton upper
clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
Appendicular Skeleton Lower
Pelvis, Femur, Patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Muscular system
Essential for body movement, body temperature regulation
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
Nervous System
Nerve cells that receive and process information
Endocrine System
hypothalamus, thyroid gland, thymus glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries
Sends longer signals for more time
regulation of body systems
Cardiovascular System
Consists of blood and lymphatic fluids and system to move them.
Respiratory System
removes CO2 waste from the body and oxegnenates blood
oral cavity, nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, lungs, diaphragm
Digestive System
takes in solids and liquids, breaks them down to molecular size and distributes them to the body tissues
mouth/tongue, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, spleen, pancreas
Urinary System
processes blood and removes waste product
responsible for fluid, mineral, and acid/base balance
kidney, uterer, bladder, and urethra
Reproductive system
Both male and female systems. Male share parts between urinary systems and females have separate
Homeostasis
the system responsible for keeping your body regulated
Negative Feedback loops
Most common
stop when the effector brings variable back to the predetermined set point
Used all the time within our body
Positive Feedback Looks
Quite rare
Only stop when stimulus is removed.
Used in dire situations
Sign
A variable which can be measured objectively
Symptom
variable which can only be felt by the patient and must be reported to the clinician
Syndrome
When a group of signs and symptoms occur but we don’t understand why
