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Patient Care 1001 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Micro-organisms

A

Can also be called a microbe, includes fungi and bacteria, includes viruses even though they are considered “non-living”

  • not all micro-organisms are bad - yeast for beer, bacteria for cheese
  • can be single or multi-called
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2
Q

Micro-organisms that cause illness …

A

Pathogenic

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3
Q

Bacteria

A

Living organism, unicellular, can cause disease, localized infections, treatment - antibiotics, and reproduces through fission - form of asexual reproduction

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4
Q

Viruses

A

Opinions differ on whether viruses are a form of life, or organic structures that interact with living organisms, no cells (not living), can cause disease, infections are systemic, treatment - vaccines prevent the spread of infection and anti-viral medications help to slow re-education but cannot stop it completely, reproduces invades a host cell and takes over the cell causing it to make copies of the viral DNA / RNA, destroys the host cell releasing new viruses

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5
Q

How to name bacteria based on their shape

A

Cocci - oval
Bacilli - rod
Spiral
Other - square, star, spindle

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6
Q

Naming bacteria based on gram staining

A

Gram negative - thin
Gram positive - thick
Broad spectrum antibiotics can be used for both types of bacteria

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7
Q

Staphylococcus aureus bacteria

A

Gram positive, round shaped bacterium, usually found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin, causes variety of clinical diseases

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8
Q

Proliferation of antibiotic resistance strains of bacteria

A

Bacteria becoming immune to the effects of drugs, occurring because of abuse of antibiotics (banana flavoured penicillin), over prescription, unfinished course of treatments, food additives

Example - methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

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9
Q

Recurrence of disease thought to be under control or eradicated

A

Pertussis making a come back, tuberculosis (higher risk for indigenous and immigrants from endemic countries)

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10
Q

Source

A

Something that is contaminated with, or carries an infectious agent (blood covered gloves for example)

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11
Q

Reservoir

A

A place in which organisms can live and multiply

  • Typhoid Mary (cook with salmonella thypi)
  • ambulance equipment
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12
Q

Incubation period

A

The time between contact with an infectious agent and the presence of symptoms - can be long or short, HIV incubation period can be 7-10 years or Ebola virus - hours
- during the incubation period the host may or may not be infectious to others (contagious)

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13
Q

Communicable period

A

The time during which a person can transmit an infectious disease to others
- chicken pox communicable period is from approximately 2 days before the lesions break out until the lesions are crusted over

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14
Q

Exposure

A

Coming into contact with an infectious agent, having been exposed does not mean that you will become infected

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15
Q

Type of exposure needed to transmit disease varies depending on the infectious agent …

A
  • chicken pox is highly contagious and you can become infected by being in the same room with a person in their communicable period
  • HIV not highly contagious, need significant levels of direct exposure of contaminated body fluids with blood or mucous membranes
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16
Q

Physical barrier to infection

A

Intact skin - organisms cannot enter intact skin, body’s main dense against infection
Ciliary activity in mucous membranes (lungs)

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17
Q

Chemical barriers to infection

A

Acidic pH of the skin has inhibitory effect on bacteria, normal flora (the good bugs) keeps infection from invading organisms

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18
Q

Immune system as an infection barrier

A

Immune system - phagocytes - antibodies

- an intact immune system is also crucial to warding off infection

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19
Q

Immunity as infection barrier

A

Functions of the immune system, protects against disease or damaging foreign bodies, we get it from our moms, previous exposure or vaccines

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20
Q

Increasing ability of immune system to fight infection

A
  • infant’s get immunity from mother’s blood and from breast feeding
  • recent study compared infants that were born vaginally vs by cesarean section and found their gastrointestinal flora was different
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21
Q

Vaccination

A

Unable to cure many diseases but we can be vaccinated, vaccination is a means of priming the immune system so that it will quickly recognize an infectious agent and launch a response against it

  • achieved by exposing the body to micro-organisms that are weakened or altered so that the vaccine will not give you the disease but will cause the immune system to mount a response
  • response measured by antibody titer
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22
Q

Immunoglobulin

A

Also called antibodies, secreted by WBC in response to an antigen, binds to antigen and neutralizes it, short lasting immunity can be achieved by giving a person actual antibodies, the injected antibodies rather than the person’s own antibodies fight the disease

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23
Q

Direct contact

A

Direct physical contact between an infected individual and a host

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24
Q

Indirect contact

A

Person becomes infected through contact with contaminated object

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25
Q

Vector transmission

A

Disease is spread to host by a carrier, usually an animal or insect (mosquito, deer tick)

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26
Q

Airborne transmission

A

Transmission by droplet nuclei (residue of evaporated droplets) or by contaminated dust particles that remain suspended in the air for a long time, close contact not necessary

  • airborne - spread happens when a germ floats through the air after a person talks, coughs or sneezes, airborne spread diseases includes - chickenpox, tuberculosis
  • droplet - spread happens when germs travelling inside droplets are coughed or sneezed from a sick person enters the eyes, nose, or mouth of another person
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27
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver causing jaundice, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, malaise (general feeling of ill), dark urine, caused by a virus

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28
Q

Hepatitis A

A
  • transmitted by the fecal - oral route (ingestion of food or water that has been contaminated by infected feces)
  • incubation period of approximately four weeks
  • illness starts abruptly and lasts for 1-2 weeks but it will take some time before feeling 100%
  • vaccine now available
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29
Q

Hepatitis B

A

Transmitted through contact with blood or bodily fluids, sexual contact, punctures through skin, blood transfusions (tattoos, shared razors)
- much more hearty virus than HIV (infection rates for Hep B after needle stick injury as high as 30%, HIV 0.5%)

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30
Q

Hepatitis C

A

Prevalent in trauma population, prevalent in the IVDU population

  • most common blood borne infection
  • leading cause of liver transplant
  • not efficiently transmitted through occupational exposure
  • requires significant exposure for increased risk of infection - deep needle stick injury with visible blood
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31
Q

Hepatitis D

A

Also called “delta hepatitis”, a serious liver disease caused by infection with the Hepatitis D virus (HDV), person must first be infected with Hep B virus to develop Hep D, relatively uncommon
- no vaccine for hepatitis D, but it can be prevented in persons who are not already HBV infected by Hepatitis B vaccination

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32
Q

Hepatitis E

A

Usually results in an acute infection, it does not lead to a chronic infection, rare in US and Canada, common in many parts of the world
- transmission - ingestion of fecal matter, even in microscopic amounts, outbreaks are usually associated with contaminated water supply in countries with poor sanitation, no vaccine available

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33
Q

HIV

A
  • at present there are no confirmed reports of pre-hospital workers acquiring HIV during job related activities
  • transmitted through direct contact with contaminated body fluids (sexual contact, needles, mother to fetus)
  • virus exists in blood and body fluids that contain blood
  • risk of infection from other body fluids is not known - be on the safe side
  • virus is not hearty and is killed easily once outside the body
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34
Q

Post exposure prophylaxis

A
  • involves taking anti-HIV medication as soon as possible after exposure
  • medications prevents replication of the virus
  • must begin within 72 hours after exposure
  • consists of 2-3 anti-retro viral medications taken for 28 days
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35
Q

Meningitis

A

Infection of the meninges surrounding the CNS, can be caused by bacteria or virus or other micro-organisms, contagiousness depends on the type of causative micro-organism, most outbreaks are a result of meningococcus bacteria

  • transmission is by droplet spread or direct contact with nasopharyngeal secretions
  • signs and symptoms - fever, severe headache, stiff neck, change in LOC, may have blotchy red or bluish rash, petichia (pinpoint round spots on the skin)
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36
Q

Tuberculosis

A
  • chronic pulmonary disease acquired by inhalation of dried droplet nucleus containing a tubercle bacilli
  • bacilli form necrotic cavities which cause chronic and debilitating lung disease
  • transmitted primarily by coughing or sneezing
  • signs and symptoms - cough, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, hemoptysis
  • early detection possible with tuberculin skin test
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37
Q

Tuberculin skin testing

A

The Mantoux tuberculin test (TST) is the standard method of determining whether a person is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- the TST is performed by injecting 0.1 mL of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) into the inner surface of the forearm, the skin test reaction should be read 48 to 72 hours after administration

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38
Q

Tuberculin skin test results

A

Dependent on two factors

  • measurement in millimetres of the induration
  • person’s risk of being infected with TB and of progression to disease if infected
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39
Q

Influenza

A
  • respiratory illness caused by a virus, droplet transmission (indirect contact), high mortality in geriatric population
  • signs and symptoms - include fever, shakes, chills, headache, muscle pain, cough, runny nose
  • key to prevention is annual flu shot - made based on anticipated strains
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40
Q

The most effective measure to protect yourself and others …

A

Is to wash your hands or use an alcohol based hand sanitizer

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41
Q

PPE for all calls

A

Nitrile gloves, safety glasses and surgical mask

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42
Q

PPE for call with risk of airborne or droplet spread / AGMP

A

Nitrile gloves, googles, N95 or respirator, face shield, gown

43
Q

What goes AGMP stand for?

A

Aerosol generating medical procedures

44
Q

Sterilization vs. Disinfection

A

Sterilization - free from all microbials

Disinfection - process of destroying pathogens

45
Q

“Cide” meaning

A

Kills (viracide kills viruses)

46
Q

“Stasis” or “static” means

A

Organisms will be inhibited but not destroyed

47
Q

Physical sterilization

A
  • utilizes steam under pressure to reach extreme temperatures
  • kills all form of microbial life (boiling water, dry heat, incineration)
  • includes use of ultra-violet light to kill microbes
48
Q

Chemical sterilization

A

Dependent upon two factors - chemical used, and time

  • important that the manufacturer’s directions and / or policy are followed exactly
  • organisms killed vary depending upon the agent used and the time soaked
49
Q

If someone is exposed to potential communicable disease

A
  • be aware of when you may have been exposed
  • report exposure to designated officer
  • complete any required documentation - follow up as advised by medical direction
50
Q

What to do if you are exposed during a clinical placement or ride out?

A
  • call the clinical placement coordinator and inform them
  • complete an incident investigation form found on the Fanshawe portal
  • submit this to your clinical placement coordinator, they will forward it to the associate dean for review
  • this must be completed with 24 hours of exposure
51
Q

Superior

A

Cephalic or cranial - toward the head or upper part of the structure, usually the trunk

52
Q

Inferior

A

Caudal, away from the head or towards the lower part of the structure

53
Q

Anterior

A

Ventral, nearer to the front

54
Q

Posterior

A

Dorsal, nearer to the back

55
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline

56
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

57
Q

Intermediate

A

Between two structures

58
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the core

59
Q

Distal

A

Further from the core

60
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Vertical plane that divides body and organs into left and right, two types - midsagittal - passes through the midline of the body, parasagittal - does not pass through midline and divides the body into unequal left and right positions

61
Q

Frontal

A

Divides body vertically but into anterior and posterior halves

62
Q

Horizontal

A

Divides body into superior and inferior portions

63
Q

Supine

A

Flat on their back

64
Q

Prone

A

Flat on their face

65
Q

Lateral recumbent

A

On their side

66
Q

Semi-prone

A

Partially lying prone

67
Q

Fowler’s

A

Sitting straight up

68
Q

Semi-Fowler’s

A

Sitting slightly reclined

69
Q

Tredelenberg

A

Lying prone with foot and elevated

70
Q

Abduction

A

Moving a limb away from the body

71
Q

Adduction

A

Moving a limb towards the body

72
Q

Medial rotation

A

Movement of the foot or leg towards the body

73
Q

Lateral rotation

A

Movement of the foot or leg away from the body

74
Q

Supination

A

Outward roll of foot or arm

75
Q

Pronation

A

Inward roll of foot or arm

76
Q

Body cavities

A

Cranial, spinal, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

77
Q

Respiration

A

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between and organism and the environment

78
Q

Chest composed of …

A
  • 12 pairs of ribs

- rib cage is composed of ribs, sternum and thoracic spine

79
Q

Upper airway made up of …

A 
Oropharnyx 
Nasopharynx 
- external nose 
- nasal cavities 
- oral cavity 
- oropharnyx 
- hard and soft palate 
- larynx
80
Q

Lower airway made up of …

A
  • extends from the glottis / larynx to the alveoli
81
Q

Glottis

A

Opening at the top of the larynx

82
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flap that covers the glottis during swallowing so that food does not pass into the larynx

83
Q

Trachea

A
  • 10-13 cm long, 2-2.5 cm diameter
  • lies anterior to the esophagus
  • walls are made up of smooth muscle and “c” shaped rings to keep it open
  • walls lined with ciliated mucous membrane that secrets about 125 mLs of cleansing mucous daily
  • cilia constantly beating upward to expel unwanted stuff
84
Q

Trachea extends to…

A

T5

85
Q

Trachea divides into …

A

Two bronchial (carina), right bronchi is shorter and straighter than the left (aspiration is more common into the right lung - infection typically starts here), as the bronchial tree continues to branch, diameter is reduced and amount of cartilage decreases

  • as the diameter of the bronchi decreases to about 1mm - called bronchioles - no cartilage
  • bronchioles terminate in alveolar sacs which are a collection of alveoli
86
Q

Alveoli

A
  • sites of gas exchange, functional units of the lungs
  • surface area about 70 sq meter
  • alveolar walls are extremely thin and in contact with thin walled capillaries
  • gas exchange can then occur across these thin walls (respiratory membranes)
  • surfactant is a substance secreted by the respiratory membranes to keep the walls of the alveolus from “sticking shut”
87
Q

Lungs

A
  • covered by visceral pleura, a thin layer that sticks to the lung
  • parietal pleura thin layer that lines the pleural cavity and adheres to the ribs
  • space between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura is called the pleural space and contains a small amount of pleural fluid that acts to reduce friction
  • right and left lung separated by the mediastinum (esophagus, trachea, large blood vessels and the heart)
88
Q

Respiratory physiology

A

The work of breathing, normally breathing requires only 3% of body expenditure of energy

89
Q

Elasticity

A

Tendency of the lungs to return to rest after inspiration, lungs highly elastic due to protein called elastin, “stuck to chest wall” always in a state of elastic tension, elastic tension increases with inspiration and aids in pushing air out during expiration - must have internal intercostal and diaphragm

90
Q

Compliance

A

The opposite of elasticity, the ability of the lung to stretch or distend, the change in lung volume per change in trans pulmonary pressure

  • increased compliance - factors produce an increase in distension (easy to inhale, hard to exhale)
  • decreased compliance - factors produce a resistance to distension
91
Q

Example of increased compliance

A

Emphysema

92
Q

Examples of decreased compliance

A

Pneumonia, pulmonary edema

93
Q

Airway resistance

A

Determined by the length, radius, area of the airway and the velocity, density and viscosity of the gas

  • usually low (1/2 caused by the nose)
  • swelling, obstruction, spasms can significantly increase resistance
  • if reduce airway diameter by half airway resistance increases 16 times (secretions or narrowing bronchioles)
94
Q

Circulatory system

A

Works with the respiratory system to oxygenate body, includes heart and blood vessels, heart - 2 atria, 2 ventricles, divided by septum
- heart contracts to move blood through circulation (arteries and veins)

95
Q

Conduction system of the heart

A

Original impulse originates from sinoatrial node, moves to atrioventricular node and propagates through ventricles, contractions are coordinated to pump blood

96
Q

Normal sinus rhythm

A

Normal conduction at a rate between 60-100 bpm

97
Q

Divisions of the spine

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

98
Q

Muscles

A

Different types but most are skeletal (also cardiac and smooth), lengthen and contract to facilitate body movements, protects underlying organs, attached to bone via tendons and stretch across joints

99
Q

Skeleton

A

206 bones, divided into axial and appendicular, classified by shape, bones are vascular

100
Q

Joints

A

Formed by two or more bone ends, most allow motion, some are fused, held together by ligaments, have a normal range of motion

101
Q

Integumentary system

A

Skin, hair and nails, skin is the largest single organ and protects the body, blood supply contributes to skin colour and temperature

  • blood vessels dilate = skin appears flush and warm
  • blood vessels constrict = skin appears pale and cool
102
Q

Endocrine system

A

Coordinates activities of other systems
Consists of glands
Glands release hormones, chemical messengers to regular body systems

103
Q

Genitourinary systems

A
  • made up of urinary system and reproductive organs

- kidneys and bladder are primary organs

Patient Care 1001 (1 decks)

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